{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:08:23Z","timestamp":1777388903523,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The overarching goal of this research was to explore accurate methods of mapping irrigated crops, where digital cadastre information is unavailable: (a) Boundary separation by object-oriented image segmentation using very high spatial resolution (2.5\u20135 m) data was followed by (b) identification of crops and crop rotations by means of phenology, tasselled cap, and rule-based classification using high resolution (15\u201330 m) bi-temporal data. The extensive irrigated cotton production system of the Khorezm province in Uzbekistan, Central Asia, was selected as a study region. Image segmentation was carried out on pan-sharpened SPOT data. Varying combinations of segmentation parameters (shape, compactness, and color) were tested for optimized boundary separation. The resulting geometry was validated against polygons digitized from the data and cadastre maps, analysing similarity (size, shape) and congruence. The parameters shape and compactness were decisive for segmentation accuracy. Differences between crop phenologies were analyzed at field level using bi-temporal ASTER data. A rule set based on the tasselled cap indices greenness and brightness allowed for classifying crop rotations of cotton, winter-wheat and rice, resulting in an overall accuracy of 80 %. The proposed field-based crop classification method can be an important tool for use in water demand estimations, crop yield simulations, or economic models in agricultural systems similar to Khorezm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1270723757000},"page":"1035-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":140,"title":["Per-Field Irrigated Crop Classification in Arid Central Asia Using SPOT and ASTER Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0807-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher","family":"Conrad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Fritsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Zeidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"R\u00fccker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Unit, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Aerospace Center (DLR), German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Water productivity mapping methods using remote sensing","volume":"2","author":"Biradar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2004.11.004","article-title":"Mapping multi-year cropping patterns in small irrigation districts from time-series analysis of Landsat TM images","volume":"23","author":"Casterad","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215135","article-title":"Trends in NDVI time series and their relation to rangeland and crop production in Senegal, 1987\u20131993","volume":"19","author":"Fuller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambin, E.F., and Geist, H.J. (2006). Land-Use and Land-Cover Change-Local Processes and Global Impacts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32202-7"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(02)00116-3","article-title":"Crop identification using harmonic analysis of time-series AVHRR NDVI data","volume":"37","author":"Jakubauskas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-007-9029-z","article-title":"Mapping and assessing water use in a Central Asian irrigation system by utilizing MODIS remote sensing products","volume":"21","author":"Conrad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irrig. Drainage Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.021","article-title":"Analysis of time-series MODIS 250 m vegetation index data for crop classification in the US Central Great Plains","volume":"108","author":"Wardlow","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"453","article-title":"The use of MODIS data to derive acreage estimations for larger fields: A case study in the south-western Rostov region of Russia","volume":"10","author":"Fritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000021288","article-title":"Land cover classification in the Argentine Pampas using multi-temporal Landsat TM data","volume":"24","author":"Guerschman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948779","article-title":"Classification of Mediterranean crops with multisensor data: Per-pixel versus per-object statistics and image segmentation","volume":"17","author":"Lobo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001619580","article-title":"Efficiency and accuracy of per-field classification for operational crop mapping","volume":"25","author":"Clevers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500166391","article-title":"Sequential masking classification of multi-temporal Landsat7 ETM+ images for field-based crop mapping in Karacabey, Turkey","volume":"26","author":"Turker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600746456","article-title":"A survey of image classification methods and techniques for improving classification performance","volume":"28","author":"Lu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160152558288","article-title":"An integrated approach to land cover classification: an example in the island of Jersey","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210144499","article-title":"A method for object-oriented land cover classification combining Landsat TM data and aerial photographs","volume":"24","author":"Geneletti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2003.10.002","article-title":"Multi-resolution, object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS-ready information","volume":"58","author":"Benz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500057764","article-title":"Quality assessment for geo-spatial objects derived from remotely sensed data","volume":"26","author":"Zhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"311","article-title":"The comparison index: A tool for assessing the accuracy of image segmentation","volume":"9","author":"Lymburner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Kauth, R.J., and Thomas, G.S. (, January June). The tasseled cap\u2014A graphic description of the spectral-temporal development of agricultural crops as seen by LANDSAT. Proceedings of Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue University, West Layette, IN, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Chub, E.V. (2000). Climate Change and its Impact on Natural Resources Potential of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Central Asian Hydrometeorological Research Institute named after V.A. Bugayev."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Mukhammadiev, U.K. (1982). Water Resource Use, (in Russian)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Wehrheim, P., Schoeller-Schletter, A., and Martius, M. (2008). Continuity and Change - Land and Water Use Reforms in Rural Uzbekistan. Socio-economic and Legal Analyses for the Region Khorezm, Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Agrarentwicklung in Mittel- und Osteuropa (IAMO)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-007-9017-3","article-title":"Changing patterns of water distribution under the influence of land reforms and simultaneous WUA establishment","volume":"21","author":"Veldwisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irrig. Drainage Syst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s10795-007-9033-3","article-title":"Groundwater table and salinity: Spatial and temporal distribution and influence on soil salinization in Khorezm region (Uzbekistan, Aral Sea Basin)","volume":"21","author":"Ibrakhimov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irrig. Drainage Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, M. (2006). A General Equilibrium Approach to Modeling Water and Land Use Reforms in Uzbekistan. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn]."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Bobojonov, I.B. (2008). Modeling Crop and Water Allocation under Uncertainty in Irrigated Agriculture\u2014A Case Study on the Khorezm Region, Uzbekistan. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit\u00e4t Bonn]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"SPOTIMAGE SPOT 5. Available online: http:\/\/spot5.cnes.fr\/gb\/index3.htm."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210326","article-title":"The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA\u2019s Terra platform","volume":"21","author":"Abrams","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00169-3","article-title":"Classification and change detection using Landsat TM data: when and how to correct atmospheric effects?","volume":"75","author":"Song","year":"2001","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Richter, R. (2007). Atmospheric \/ Topographic Correction for Satellite Imagery\u2014ATCOR 2\/3 User Guide, Version 6.3."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Abrams, M., Hook, S., and Ramachandran, B. (2007). ASTER User Handbook, Jet Propulsion Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Max Fruth GmbH, XDibias. Available online: http:\/\/www.fruth.de\/imgproc\/xdibias.html."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215748","article-title":"Multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: concepts, methods and applications","volume":"19","author":"Pohl","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2007). Definiens Developer 7 User Guide, Definiens."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hall-Bayer, M. (2000). GLCM Texture: A Tutorial, Department of Geography, University of Calgary. Version 2.3."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90011-8","article-title":"A comparison of spatial feature-extraction algorithms for land-use classification with SPOT HRV data","volume":"40","author":"Gong","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congalton, R.G., and Green, K. (2008). Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420055139"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"McCoy, R.M. (2005). Field Methods in Remote Sensing, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Center for Development Research: The Khorezm project. Available online: www.khorezm.uni-bonn.de."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00010-8","article-title":"Design and analysis for thematic map accuracy assessment: Fundamental principles","volume":"64","author":"Stehman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1984.350619","article-title":"A physically-based transformation of thematic mapper data\u2014The TM tasseled cap","volume":"22","author":"Crist","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(83)90010-X","article-title":"Spectral indexes in n-space","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(85)90102-6","article-title":"A TM tasselled cap equivalent transformation for reflectance factor data","volume":"17","author":"Crist","year":"1985","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Muminov, F.A. (1991). Weather, Climate and Cotton, Hydromet. (in Russian)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1109\/36.387590","article-title":"Terrain objects, their dynamics and their monitoring by the integration of GIS and Remote Sensing","volume":"33","author":"Janssen","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Conrad, C. (2006). Remote sensing based modeling and hydrological measurements to assess the agricultural water use in the Khorezm region (Uzbekistan). [Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wuerzburg]. (in German)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/4\/1035\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:04Z","timestamp":1760220124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/4\/1035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2041035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2041035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]]}}}