{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T16:00:54Z","timestamp":1774540854022,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,26]],"date-time":"2010-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote sensing has long been a useful tool in global applications, since it provides physically-based, worldwide, and consistent spatial information. This paper discusses the potential of using these techniques in the research field of water management, particularly for \u2018Water Footprint\u2019 (WF) studies. The WF of a crop is defined as the volume of water consumed for its production, where green and blue WF stand for rain and irrigation water usage, respectively. In this paper evapotranspiration, precipitation, water storage, runoff and land use are identified as key variables to potentially be estimated by remote sensing and used for WF assessment. A mass water balance is proposed to calculate the volume of irrigation applied, and green and blue WF are obtained from the green and blue evapotranspiration components. The source of remote sensing data is described and a simplified example is included, which uses evapotranspiration estimates from the geostationary satellite Meteosat 9 and precipitation estimates obtained with the Climatic Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH). The combination of data in this approach brings several limitations with respect to discrepancies in spatial and temporal resolution and data availability, which are discussed in detail. This work provides new tools for global WF assessment and represents an innovative approach to global irrigation mapping, enabling the estimation of green and blue water use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,26]],"date-time":"2010-04-26T11:03:39Z","timestamp":1272279819000},"page":"1177-1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Potential of Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Global Assessment of Water Footprint of Crops"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Mireia","family":"Romaguera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Department of Water Resources, University of Twente, NL-7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4769-5239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjen Y.","family":"Hoekstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongbo","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Department of Water Resources, University of Twente, NL-7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten S.","family":"Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Water Engineering and Management, University of Twente, NL-7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mhd. Suhyb","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Department of Water Resources, University of Twente, NL-7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hoekstra, A.Y. Virtual water trade. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, IHE Delft, The Netherlands. Value of Water Research Report Series No.12."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoekstra, A.Y., and Chapagain, A.K. (2008). Globalization of Water. Sharing the Planet\u2019s Freshwater Resources, Blackwell Publishing.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470696224"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1998.tb02825.x","article-title":"Virtual water: A strategic resource global solutions to regional deficits","volume":"36","author":"Allan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2004.06.004","article-title":"Globalisation of water resources: international virtual water flows in relation to crop trade","volume":"15","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060801927812","article-title":"The global component of freshwater demand and supply: an assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products","volume":"33","author":"Chapagain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.018","article-title":"LAI, fAPAR and fCover CYCLOPES global products derived from VEGETATION\u2014Part 1: Principles of the algorithm","volume":"110","author":"Baret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1109\/36.851761","article-title":"Large-scale soil moisture mapping in western Africa using the ERS scatterometer","volume":"38","author":"Wagner","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.06.009","article-title":"Land surface temperature retrieval from MSG1-SEVIRI data","volume":"92","author":"Sobrino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.02.001","article-title":"Coupled retrieval of aerosol optical thickness, columnar water vapor and surface reflectance maps from ENVISAT\/MERIS data over land","volume":"112","author":"Guanter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331291297","article-title":"GLC2000: A new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data","volume":"26","author":"Bartholome","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2004)005<0487:CAMTPG>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitation estimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution","volume":"5","author":"Joyce","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08238","article-title":"Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India","volume":"460","author":"Rodell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(02)00111-4","article-title":"Spatially distributed storm runoff depth estimation using Landsat images and GIS","volume":"37","author":"Melesse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1029\/2007WR006051","article-title":"Global consumptive water use for crop production: The importance of green water and virtual water","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekonnen, M.M., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010). A Global and High-Resolution Assessment of the Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Wheat, UNESCO-IHE. Value of Water Research Report No.42.","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-7-2499-2010"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.07.031","article-title":"Quantifying blue and green virtual water contents in global crop production as well as potential production losses without irrigation","volume":"384","author":"Siebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-006-9039-x","article-title":"Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern","volume":"21","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hoekstra, A.Y., Chapagain, A.K., Aldaya, M.M., and Mekonnen, M.M. (2009). Water Footprint Manual. State of the Art 2009, Water footprint Network."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Allen, R., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M. (1998). FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56: Crop Evapotranspiration, FAO in UN."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Smith, M. (1991). CROPWAT:Manual and Guidelines, FAO in UN."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"FAO CROPWAT 8.0 Model, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: www.fao.org\/nr\/water\/infores_databases_cropwat.html."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"FAO FAOSTAT Database, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: http:\/\/faostat.fao.org."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"FAO CLIMWAT 2.0 Database, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: www.fao.org\/nr\/water\/infores_databases_climwat.html."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portmann, F.T., Siebert, S., and D\u00f6ll, P. (2010). MIRCA2000-Global Monthly Irrigated and Rainfed Crop Areas around the year 2000: A new high-resolution data set for agricultural and hydrological modeling. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, (in press).","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003435"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00271-007-0069-9","article-title":"Modeling the role of irrigation in winter wheat yield, crop water productivity, and production in China","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Irrig. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramankutty, N., Evan, A.T., Monfreda, C., and Foley, J.A. (2008). Farming the planet: 1. Geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, 22.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GB002952"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Portmann, F., Siebert, S., Bauer, C., and D\u00f6ll, P. (2008). Global Data Set of Monthly Growing Areas of 26 Irrigated Crops, Institute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt (Main)."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Batjes, N.H. (2006). ISRIC-WISE Derived Soil Properties on a 5 by 5 Arc-Minutes Global Grid, International Soil Reference & Information Centre."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"FAO AQUASTAT Database, Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: www.fao.org\/nr\/water\/aquastat\/main\/index.stm."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Siebert, S., Hoogeveen, J., and Frenken, K. (2006). Irrigation in Africa, Europe and Latin America. Update of the Digital Global Map of Irrigation Areas to Version 4, Institute of Physical Geography, University of Frankfurt (Main)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-9-535-2005","article-title":"Development and validation of the global map of irrigation areas","volume":"9","author":"Siebert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.04.010","article-title":"A new methodology to map irrigated areas using multi-temporal MODIS and ancillary data: An application example in the continental US","volume":"112","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3679","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802698919","article-title":"Global irrigated area map (GIAM), derived from remote sensing, for the end of the last millennium","volume":"30","author":"Thenkabail","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1997)036<1176:PEFRSI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using artificial neural networks","volume":"36","author":"Hsu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900032","article-title":"Estimation of physical variables from multichannel remotely sensed imagery using a neural network: Application to rainfall estimation","volume":"35","author":"Hsu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Heinemann, T., Latanzio, A., and Roveda, F. (, January September). The Eumetsat multi-sensor precipitation estimate (MPE). Second International Precipitation Working group (IPWG) Meeting, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Gellens-Meulenberghs, F., Arboleda, A., and Ghilain, N. (, January July). Towards a continuous monitoring of evapotranspiration based on MSG data. Proceedings of Symposium HS3007 at IUGG2007, Perugia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.008","article-title":"Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space","volume":"370","author":"Swenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-85-3-381","article-title":"The global land data assimilation system","volume":"85","author":"Rodell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<1790:GREOSM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global retrospective estimation of soil moisture using the variable infiltration capacity land surface model, 1980\u201393","volume":"14","author":"Nijssen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-6-85-2002","article-title":"The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02265-Y","article-title":"Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature","volume":"77","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00253-4","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL)\u20141. Formulation","volume":"213","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1909(99)00128-8","article-title":"S-SEBI: A simple remote sensing algorithm to estimate the surface energy balance","volume":"25","author":"Roerink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth P B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/07352680701402503","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing and ground methods to estimate evapotranspiration","volume":"26","author":"Glenn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"17","article-title":"A climatological study of evapotranspiration and moisture stress across the continental United States based on thermal remote sensing: 1. Model formulation","volume":"112","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.015","article-title":"Surface energy fluxes with the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) at the Iowa 2002 SMACEX site (USA)","volume":"99","author":"French","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-7065(03)00009-3","article-title":"Estimation of sensible heat flux using the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) and ATSR measurements","volume":"28","author":"Jia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-13-1337-2009","article-title":"Evaluation of the Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) applied to ASTER imagery with flux-measurements at the SPARC 2004 site (Barrax, Spain)","volume":"13","author":"Timmermans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.017","article-title":"Application of a simple algorithm to estimate daily evapotranspiration from NOAA-AVHRR images for the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"110","author":"Sobrino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(98)00254-6","article-title":"A remote sensing surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL)\u20142. Validation","volume":"213","author":"Bastiaanssen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from MODIS: algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"ESA (2008). GLOBCOVER Products Description Manual v2, European Space Agency."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Arino, O., Gross, D., Ranera, F., Leroy, M., Bicheron, P., Brockman, C., Defourny, P., Vancutsem, C., Achard, F., Durieux, L., Bourg, L., Latham, J., Di Gregorio, A., Witt, R., Herold, M., Sambale, J., and Plummer, S. (2007). IGARSS 2007."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"476","article-title":"Crop discrimination in Northern China with double cropping systems using Fourier analysis of time-series MODIS data","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.03.010","article-title":"Efficiency of crop identification based on optical and SAR image time series","volume":"96","author":"Blaes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701241779","article-title":"Development of a crop-specific spectral library and discrimination of various agricultural crop varieties using hyperspectral imagery","volume":"29","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-88-1-47","article-title":"Comparison of near-real-time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models","volume":"88","author":"Ebert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JHM859.1","article-title":"Multitemporal analysis of TRMM-based satellite precipitation products for land data assimilation applications","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JHM1052.1","article-title":"An intercomparison and validation of high-resolution satellite precipitation estimates with 3-Hourly gauge data","volume":"10","author":"Sapiano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9037-z","article-title":"Estimating land surface evaporation: A review of methods using remotely sensed surface temperature data","volume":"29","author":"Kalma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Ditmar, P., Siemes, C., Slobbe, D.C., Revtova, E.A., Klees, R., Riva, R., and Zhao, Q. (2010). DEOS Mass Transport model (DMT-1) based on GRACE satellite data: methodology and validation. Geophys. J. Intl.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2010.04533.x"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaitchik, B.F., Rodell, M., and Olivera, F. (2010). Evaluation of the Global Land Data Assimilation System using global river discharge data and a source to sink routing scheme. Water Resour. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009WR007811"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL037338","article-title":"Closing the terrestrial water budget from satellite remote sensing","volume":"36","author":"Sheffield","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Farah, H.O. (2001). Estimation of Regional Evaporation under Different Weather Conditions from Satellite and Meteorological Data: A Case Study in the Naivasha basin, Kenya. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente]. ITC Dissertation No. 80."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"13","article-title":"A climatological study of evapotranspiration and moisture stress across the continental United States based on thermal remote sensing: 2. Surface moisture climatology","volume":"112","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7771","DOI":"10.3390\/s91007771","article-title":"Advances in multi-sensor data fusion: Algorithms and applications","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"ECMWF (2004). ERA-40: ECMWF 45-year reanalysis of the global atmosphere and surface conditions 1957\u20132002, ECMWF. ECMWF Newsletter 101."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"ECMWF (2008). Towards a climate data assimilation system: Status update of ERA-Interim, ECMWF. ECMWF Newsletter 115."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2008.04.001","article-title":"Integrated assessment of groundwater resources in the Oueme basin, Benin, West Africa","volume":"34","author":"Barthel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1581","article-title":"Estimation of replenishable groundwater resources of India and their status of utilization","volume":"96","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Agbu, P.A., and James, M.E. (1994). The NOAA\/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR Land Data Set User\u2019s Manual, Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/4\/1177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:14Z","timestamp":1760220134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/4\/1177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2041177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2041177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,26]]}}}