{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T14:42:06Z","timestamp":1777560126345,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,7]],"date-time":"2010-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1273190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we compare specific humidity profiles derived from Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation (RO) from August to November 2006 with those from different types of radiosonde and from ECMWF global analysis. Comparisons show that COSMIC specific humidity data agree well with ECMWF analysis over different regions of the world for both day and night times. On the contrary, evaluation against COSMIC specific humidity shows a distinct dry bias of Shang-E radiosonde (China) and an obvious wet bias of VIZ-type (USA). No obvious specific humidity biases are found for MRZ (Russia) and MEISEI (Japan) radiosondes. These results demonstrate the usefulness of COSMIC water vapor for quantifying the dry\/wet biases among different sensor types.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2051320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,7]],"date-time":"2010-05-07T10:41:03Z","timestamp":1273228863000},"page":"1320-1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Global Evaluation of Radiosonde Water Vapor Systematic Biases using GPS Radio Occultation from COSMIC and ECMWF Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Shu-peng","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinjia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying-Hwa","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"},{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M., and Miller, H.L. (2007). Climate Change 2007; The Physical Science Basis, Cambridge University Press. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Holton, J.R., Pyle, J., and Curry, J.A. (2002). Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Elsevier Science: Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1991)072<1507:OTUORH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the utility of radiosonde humidity archives for climate studies","volume":"72","author":"Elliott","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1998)011<1002:UORTDI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Use of radiosonde temperature data in climate studies","volume":"11","author":"Luers","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1944.1","article-title":"Systematic errors in global radiosonde precipitable water data from comparisons with ground-based GPS measurements","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2019.1","article-title":"Radiation dry bias of the VaisalaRS92 humidity sensor","volume":"24","author":"Selkirk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2003)020<0117:DBAVIV>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dry bias and variability in Vaisala RS80-H radiosondes: The ARM experience","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"319","article-title":"Improvements in radiosonde humidity profiles using RS80\/RS90 radiosondes of Vaisala","volume":"70","author":"Leiterer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Beitr. Phys. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0981:COHMEF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Corrections of humidity measurement errors from the Vaisala RS80 radiosonde\u2014Application to TOGA_COARE data","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2000.11.1.115(COSMIC)","article-title":"Applications of COSMIC to meteorology and climate","volume":"11","author":"Anthes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH2071.1","article-title":"Improvement of the temperature and moisture retrievals in the Lower Troposphere using AIRS and GPS radio occultation measurements","volume":"24","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Oceanic Technique"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900421","article-title":"A comparison of water vapor derived from GPS occultations and global weather analyses","volume":"106","author":"Kursinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geoph. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L02807","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028497","article-title":"Monitoring planetary boundary layer by GPS radio occultation signals recorded in the open-loop mode","volume":"34","author":"Sokolovskiy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophy. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, S.-P., Goldberg, M., Kuo, Y.-H., Zou, C.-Z., and Schreiner, W. (2009). Calibration of temperature in the lower Stratosphere from microwave measurements using COSMIC radio occultation data: Preliminary results. Terr. Atmos. Oceanic Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2007.12.06.01(F3C)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3263","article-title":"Intercomparison of integrated water vapor retrievals from SSM\/I and COSMIC","volume":"28","author":"Wick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhang, L., Dai, A., Van Hove, T., and Van Baelen, J. (2007). A near-global, 8-year, 2-hourly data set of atmospheric precipitable water from ground-based GPS measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007529"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ho, S.-P., Kuo, Y.-H., Schreiner, W., and Zhou, X. (2010). Using SI-traceable global positioning system radio occultation measurements for climate monitoring. In states of the climate in 2009. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Sci., in press."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.56","article-title":"Adaptive bias correction for satellite data in a numerical weather prediction system","volume":"133","author":"McNally","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R.Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bean, B.R., and Dutton, E.J. (1966). Radio Meteorology, National Bureau of Standards Monogr. 92.","DOI":"10.6028\/NBS.MONO.92"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2005). Variational Atmospheric Retrieval Scheme (VARS) for GPS Radio Occultation Data, COSMIC Project Office, UCAR. Available online: http:\/\/cosmic-io.cosmic.ucar.edu\/cdaac\/doc\/documents\/1dvar.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Schroeder, S.R. (, January January). Homogenizing the Russian Federation Upper Air Climate Record by adjusting Radiosonde Temperatures and Dew Points for instrument changes. Proceedings of AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nash, J., Smout, R., Oakley, T., Pathack, B., and Kurnosenko, S. (2005). WMO Intercomparison of High Quality Radiosonde Systems, WMO. Final Report of WMO Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L17807","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038712","article-title":"Assessment of radiosonde temperature measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using COSMIC radio occultation data","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/5\/1320\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1760220143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/5\/1320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,7]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2051320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2051320","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,7]]}}}