{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T16:35:12Z","timestamp":1773160512346,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]],"date-time":"2010-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1278892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limited awareness of environmental remote sensing\u2019s potential ability to support environmental policy development constrains the technology\u2019s utilization. This paper reviews the potential of earth observation from the perspective of environmental policy. A literature review of \u201cremote sensing and policy\u201d revealed that while the number of publications in this field increased almost twice as rapidly as that of remote sensing literature as a whole (15.3 versus 8.8% yr\u22121), there is apparently little academic interest in the societal contribution of environmental remote sensing. This is because none of the more than 300 peer reviewed papers described actual policy support. This paper describes and discusses the potential, actual support, and limitations of earth observation with respect to supporting the various stages of environmental policy development. Examples are given of the use of remote sensing in problem identification and policy formulation, policy implementation, and policy control and evaluation. While initially, remote sensing contributed primarily to the identification of environmental problems and policy implementation, more recently, interest expanded to applications in policy control and evaluation. The paper concludes that the potential of earth observation to control and evaluate, and thus assess the efficiency and effectiveness of policy, offers the possibility of strengthening governance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2071731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]],"date-time":"2010-07-12T11:37:07Z","timestamp":1278934627000},"page":"1731-1750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The Function of Remote Sensing in Support of Environmental Policy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya"},{"name":"ITC, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Yola","family":"Georgiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Kerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"De Gier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Yoshio","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIAES, Ecosystem Research Group, Tsukuba, Japan"}]},{"given":"Jelle","family":"Ferwerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITC, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Maarten","family":"Smies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frogs International Environmental Management and Consultancy, The Hague, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Davaa","family":"Narantuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Environment, Ulan Bataar, Mongolia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gore, A. (2006). An Inconvenient Truth. The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It, Rodale Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0265-9646(02)00070-X","article-title":"Public good or commercial opportunity? Case studies in remote sensing commercialization","volume":"19","author":"Johnston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2005.03.002","article-title":"Planning for the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)","volume":"21","author":"Christian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2005.12.004","article-title":"The Global Earth Observation System of Systems: Science serving society","volume":"22","author":"Lautenbacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Esty, D.C. (2004). Public Law and Legal Theory, Yale Law School."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.2307\/2392417","article-title":"The acquisition and utilization of technical information by administrative agencies","volume":"23","author":"Sabatier","year":"1978","journal-title":"Admin. Sci. Quart."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stone, D. (2002). Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, W. W. Norton & Company. [revised ed.]."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sabatier, P.A. (2007). Theories of the Policy Process, Westview Press."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Parsons, W. (2005). Public Policy: An Introduction to the Theory and Practice of Policy Analysis, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-004-0085-8","article-title":"Developing indicators of ecosystem condition using geographic information systems and remote sensing","volume":"5","author":"Revenga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"99","article-title":"Data collection and the ozone hole: Too much of a good thing?","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Christie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the International Commission on History of Meteorology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1038\/249810a0","article-title":"Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: Chlorine atomc-atalysed destruction of ozone","volume":"249","author":"Molina","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/322808a0","article-title":"Nimbus 7 satellite measurements of the springtime Antarctic ozone decrease","volume":"322","author":"Stolarski","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/315207a0","article-title":"Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal C10x\/NOx interaction","volume":"315","author":"Farman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610328104","article-title":"The importance of the Montreal Protocol in protecting climate","volume":"104","author":"Velders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"NASA Ozone Watch, Available online: http:\/\/ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov\/monthly\/monthly_1982-10.html."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.05.018","article-title":"Concurrent monitoring of vessels and water turbidity enhances the strength of evidence in remotely sensed dredging impact assessment","volume":"41","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"18","article-title":"Finless porpoises in Wuhan, China","volume":"34","author":"Fok","year":"2006","journal-title":"Newsletter of the Department of Ecology and Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"15","article-title":"Impact of dredging on fish in Poyang Lake","volume":"1","author":"Zhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jiangxi Fish. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Marklund, L.G., and Schoene, D. (2006). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Global Assessment of Growing Stock, Biomass and Carbon Stock, FAO. Working paper 106\/E."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19504","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031138","article-title":"Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice","volume":"34","author":"Nghiem","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1129007","article-title":"Satellite gravity measurements confirm accelerated melting of Greenland Ice Sheet","volume":"313","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"IPCC (2001). Climate Change, the Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group 1 to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"IPCC (2007). Climate Change 2007: the Physical Basis. Contribution of Working Group I, Cambridge University Press. Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"GCOS (2003). The Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC, WMO."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9248.2005.00540.x","article-title":"The rise of \u2018new\u2019 policy instruments in comparative perspective: Has governance eclipsed government?","volume":"53","author":"Jordan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polit. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"ESA Oil and gas producer switches to EO solutions. Success Stories. Available online: http:\/\/www.eomd.esa.int\/stories\/story126.asp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(01)00027-7","article-title":"Remote sensing and GIS-based regional geomorphological mapping\u2014A tool for land use planning in developing countries","volume":"39","author":"Bocco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"IAIA (1996). Priciples of Environmental Impact Assessment Best Practice, International Association for Impact Assessment."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Bachiller, A., and Glasson, J. (2004). Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment, Taylor and Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203578841"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"252","article-title":"Application of remote-sensing techniques for environmental impact assessment","volume":"61","author":"Khanna","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3839(02)00127-8","article-title":"A summary of European experience with shore nourishment","volume":"47","author":"Hamm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Coast. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Van der Vlag, D.E. (2006). Modeling and Visualizing Dynamic Landscape Objects and Their Qualities. [Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S1462-9011(03)00070-4","article-title":"A review of remote sensing technology in support of the Kyoto Protocol","volume":"6","author":"Rosenqvist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"IPCC (2006). Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use, IPCC. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-006-9231-2","article-title":"An incentive mechanism for reducing emissions from conversion of intact and non-intact forests","volume":"83","author":"Mollicone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Climate Change"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlatanova, S., and Li, J. (2008). Geospatial Information Technology for Emergency Response, Taylor & Francis\/Balkema.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203928813"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764204268988","article-title":"Adaptive policy design for the management of wildfire hazards","volume":"48","author":"Busenberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Amer. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.01.026","article-title":"Predicting risks of uncharacteristic wildfires: Application of the risk assessment process","volume":"211","author":"Fairbrother","year":"2005","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2005.02.003","article-title":"Issues in the implementation of the international charter on space and major disasters","volume":"21","author":"Ito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500293708","article-title":"Defoliation and the war on drugs in Putumayo, Colombia","volume":"27","author":"Messina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.07.036","article-title":"Is community-based forest management more effective than protected areas? A comparison of land use\/land cover change in two neighboring study areas of the Central Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico","volume":"256","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9493.2006.00237.x","article-title":"Tropical forest monitoring and remote sensing: A new era of transparency in forest governance?","volume":"27","author":"Fuller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sing. J. Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"83","article-title":"Measurement and monitoring of urban sprawl in a rapidly growing region using entropy","volume":"67","author":"Yeh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2400.2005.00452.x","article-title":"Integrating remote sensing in fisheries control","volume":"12","author":"Kourti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fisheries Manag. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.11.015","article-title":"Oil spill detection by satellite remote sensing","volume":"95","author":"Brekke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2006.11.022","article-title":"Towards an operational use of space imagery for oil pollution monitoring in the Mediterranean basin: A demonstration in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"54","author":"Ferraro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Owe, M., and D\u2019Urso, G. (2005). Remote Sensing for Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Hydrology VII, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Pedersen, B.F. The European way of controlling area based subsidies. Proceedings of IEEE 2001 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS\u201901, Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"725","article-title":"Fighting crop insurance fraud with Landsat","volume":"27","author":"Rocchio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.1994.tb00787.x","article-title":"Remote sensing and photogrammetry in treaty verification: present challenges and prospects for the future","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Photogrammetric Record"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"53","article-title":"Healing the earth, earth observation supporting international environmental conventions","volume":"128","author":"Arino","year":"2006","journal-title":"ESA Bull."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2005.02.002","article-title":"Supporting multilateral environmental agreement with satellite earth observation","volume":"21","author":"Kuriyama","year":"2005","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2004.06.005","article-title":"The use of remote sensing to support the application of multilateral environmental agreements","volume":"20","author":"Peter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Niemeyer, I., and Nussbaum, S. (2006). Verifying Treaty Compliance, Springer."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.835","article-title":"The potential of long-wavelength satellite-borne radar to support implementation of the Ramsar Wetlands Convention","volume":"17","author":"Rosenqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aqua. Conserv. Mar. Freshwater Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1163\/187601006X00452","article-title":"Satellites: A new era for environmental compliance?","volume":"3","author":"Purdy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eur. Environ. Plan. Law"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Macauley, M., and Brennan, T. (1998). Enforcing Environmental Regulation: Implications of Remote Sensing Technology, Resources for the Future."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Vanclay, F., and Bronstein, D.A. (1996). Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1068\/b3155","article-title":"Detecting spatiotemporal dynamic landscape patterns using remote sensing and the lacunarity index: A case study of Haikou City, China","volume":"34","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Design"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Mohr, L.B. (1995). Impact Analysis for Program Evaluation, SAGE. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Shaarawi, A.H., and Piegorsch, W.W. (2002). Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470057339"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(People\u2019s Daily, 2000). China bans illegal sand mining on Yangtze River, People\u2019s Daily."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01554.x","article-title":"Balancing food production and nature conservation in the Neotropical dry forests of northern Argentina","volume":"14","author":"Grau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"ISI Web of Science, Search for \u201cremote sensing\u201d OR \u201cearth observation\u201d AND \u201cpolicy\u201d performed on the 3rd of July 2008."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0265-9646(00)00054-0","article-title":"Earth observation data policy and Europe","volume":"17","author":"Harris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spacepol.2006.08.003","article-title":"The value of information: Measuring the contribution of space-derived earth science data to resource management","volume":"22","author":"Macauley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Space Policy"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169108929733","article-title":"Uses of satellite data for famine early warning in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"12","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2005.02.002","article-title":"Satellite remote sensing of earthquake, volcano, flood, landslide and coastal inundation hazards","volume":"59","author":"Tralli","year":"2005","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00045-X","article-title":"Opportunities and limitations for image-based remote sensing in precision crop management","volume":"61","author":"Moran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Apan, A., Chandler, O., Young, F.R., and Maraseni, T.N. (, January September). Opportunities and limitations of remote sensing for crop loss (hail damage) assessment in the insurance industry. Proceedings of 2005 Spatial Sciences Institute Biennial Conference: Spatial Intelligence, Innovation and Praxis, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Atwood, J., Watts, T., Price, K., and Kastens, J. (2005). The big picture\u2014Satellite remote sensing applications in rangeland assessment and crop insurance, Agricultural Outlook Forum 2005."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2003.08.002","article-title":"The potential of remote sensing data for decision makers at the state, local and tribal level: experiences from NASA\u2019s Synergy program","volume":"6","author":"Kalluri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9493.2006.00236.x","article-title":"Satellite imagery activism: Sharpening the focus on tropical deforestation","volume":"27","author":"Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sing. J. Trop. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Faloudi, A., and Waterhout, B. (2002). The Making of the European Spatial Development Perspective: No Masterplan, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00fchr, S. (2007). The Visual Language of Spatial Planning: Exploring Cartographic Representations for Spatial Planning in Europe, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203965818"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19224","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0607962103","article-title":"Insights on linking forests, trees, and people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory","volume":"103","author":"Ostrom","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1065\/jss2006.10.189","article-title":"Science-policy interfacing in the context of the WFD implementation","volume":"6","author":"Quevauviller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Carton, L.J. (2007). Map Making and Map Use in a Multi-Actor Context: Spatial Visualizations and Frame Conflict in Regional Policy Making in the Netherlands. [Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Meijer, A., Boersma, K., and Wagenaar, P. (2009). Innovation and the Public Sector, IOS Press."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/7\/1731\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:02:54Z","timestamp":1760220174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/7\/1731"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2071731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2071731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,12]]}}}