{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T08:56:59Z","timestamp":1766048219746,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,16]],"date-time":"2010-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1284595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During 1996\u20132006, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland (MAFF), MTT Agrifood Research and the Finnish Geodetic Institute performed a joint remote sensing satellite research project. It evaluated the applicability of optical satellite (Landsat, SPOT) data for cereal yield estimations in the annual crop inventory program. Four Optical Vegetation Indices models (I: Infrared polynomial, II: NDVI, III: GEMI, IV: PARND\/FAPAR) were validated to estimate cereal baseline yield levels (yb) using solely optical harmonized satellite data (Optical Minimum Dataset). The optimized Model II (NDVI) yb level was 4,240 kg\/ha (R2 0.73, RMSE 297 kg\/ha) for wheat and 4390 kg\/ha (R2 0.61, RMSE 449 kg\/ha) for barley and Model I yb was 3,480 kg\/ha for oats (R2 0.76, RMSE 258 kg\/ha). Optical VGI yield estimates were validated with CropWatN crop model yield estimates using SPOT and NOAA data (mean R2 0.71, RMSE 436 kg\/ha) and with composite SAR\/ASAR and NDVI models (mean R2 0.61, RMSE 402 kg\/ha) using both reflectance and backscattering data. CropWatN and Composite SAR\/ASAR &amp; NDVI model mean yields were 4,754\/4,170 kg\/ha for wheat, 4,192\/3,848 kg\/ha for barley and 4,992\/2,935 kg\/ha for oats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2092185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,19]],"date-time":"2010-09-19T09:41:46Z","timestamp":1284889306000},"page":"2185-2239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cereal Yield Modeling in Finland Using Optical and Radar Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Heikki","family":"Laurila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology Section of Crop Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Karjalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Department, The Finnish Geodetic Institute, 02431 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Kleemola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biology Section of Crop Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Department, The Finnish Geodetic Institute, 02431 Masala, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.814132","article-title":"High-resolution measurements of scattering in wheat canopies-Implications for crop parameter retrieval","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789639","article-title":"Multitemporal C- and L-band polarimetric signatures of crops","volume":"37","author":"Henning","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1989.00021962008100010019x","article-title":"Reflectance, transmittance and absorptance of light by normal, etiolated, and albino corn leaves","volume":"81","author":"Maas","year":"1989","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948927","article-title":"Remote sensing of the state of crops and soils","volume":"7","author":"Kondratyev","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(89)90011-4","article-title":"Seasonal visible, near-infrared and mid-infrared spectra of rice canopies (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to LAI and above-ground dry phytomass","volume":"27","author":"Shibayama","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/36.551933","article-title":"Rice crop mapping and monitoring using ERS-1 data based on experiment and modeling results","volume":"35","author":"Ribbes","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2008.07.006","article-title":"Integration of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for delivering operational annual crop inventories","volume":"64","author":"McNairn","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.lanworth.com\/agriculture\/."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Paynter, B. (Wired Magazine, 2008). Feeding the masses: Data in, crop predictions out, Wired Magazine."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/dgs\/agriculture\/index_en.htm."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/portal\/page\/portal\/eurostat\/home\/."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/mars.jrc.it."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Meyer-Roux, J. (,  1994). Crop yield forecasting methods. Proceedings of the EUROSTAT Seminar, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, France."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Narciso, G., Ragmo, P., and Venturi, A. (1992). Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in Italy, Spain and Greece. A Summary Review for Common and Durum Wheat, Barley, Maize, Rice, Sugar Beet, Sunflower, Soya Bean, Rape, Potato, Tobacco, Cotton, Olive and Grape Crops. An Agricultural Information System for the European Community, Joint Research Centre Publication (EUR-14124-EN)."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hough, M. (1990). Agrometeorological Aspects of Crops in the UK and Ireland. A Review for Sugar Beet, Oilseed Rape, Peas, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potatoes, Apples and Pears. An Agricultural Information System for the European Community, Joint Research Centre Publication (EUR-13039-EN)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.05.023","article-title":"Assimilation of leaf area index derived from ASAR and MERIS data into CERES-Wheat model to map wheat yield","volume":"112","author":"Dente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(02)00107-7","article-title":"The DSSAT cropping system model","volume":"18","author":"Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Hodges, T. (1991). Predicting Crop Phenology, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.05.004","article-title":"Crop model data assimilation with the Ensemble Kalman filter for improving regional crop yield forecasts","volume":"146","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Supit, I., Hooijer, A., and van Diepen, C. (1994). System Description of the Wofost Crop Simulation Model Implemented in CGMS. Volume I: Theory and Algorithms, SC-DLO."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3662552","article-title":"A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems","volume":"82","author":"Kalman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Trans. ASME. J. Basic Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"414","article-title":"Crop growth modelling and crop yield forecasting using satellite-derived meteorological inputs. Modern methods in crop yield forecasting and crop area estimation","volume":"10","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(97)00037-3","article-title":"Predicting national wheat yields using a crop simulation and trend models","volume":"88","author":"Supit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(98)00175-6","article-title":"National wheat yield prediction of France as affected by the prediction level","volume":"116","author":"Supit","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2006.10.007","article-title":"A simple model of regional wheat yield based on NDVI data","volume":"26","author":"Moriondo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2006.07.0492","article-title":"Potential use of spectral reflectance indices as a selection tool for grain yield in winter wheat under great plains conditions","volume":"47","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.030","article-title":"Evolutionary bi-objective optimization of a semi-arid vegetation dynamics model with NDVI and \u03c30 satellite data","volume":"112","author":"Mangiarotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2000.403723x","article-title":"Remote Sensing of biomass and yield of winter wheat under different nitrogen supplies","volume":"40","author":"Serrano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Kuittinen, R., Ahokas, E., Granqvist, M., Ik\u00e4heimo, E., Heikinheimo, M., Ven\u00e4l\u00e4inen, A., J\u00e4nne, S., Keskisarja, V., Parmes, E., Perdiago, V., and van der Goot, E. (1998). An Early Crop Yield Estimation for Finnish Conditions. The Crop Growth Monitoring System of the Joint Research Centre with and without Remotely Sensed and Other Additional Input Data, Finnish Geodetic Institute. Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Kuittinen, R. (1996). Remote Sensing in Agriculture, Finnish Geodetic Institute. Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Karvonen, T., Laurila, H., Kleemola, J., and Varis, E. (1991). Estimation of Agricultural Crop Production Using Satellite (Landsat and SPOT) Information, Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki. Publication 26."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Matikainen, L., Karjalainen, M., and Kuittinen, R. (1998). SAR Images and Ancillary Data in Crop Species Interpretation, Finnish Geodetic Institute. Reports of the Finnish Geodetic Institute 98:1."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.1.117","article-title":"Agricultural monitoring using Envisat alternating polarization SAR images","volume":"74","author":"Karjalainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2009). The Finnish Land Parcel Identification System (FLPIS) and Finnish Administration and Control System (IACS)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(99)00030-1","article-title":"Development of a crop knowledge base for Europe","volume":"11","author":"Russell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2009.01.007","article-title":"A database for integrated assessment of European agricultural systems","volume":"12","author":"Janssen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2010076","article-title":"Integrating vegetation indices models and phenological classification with composite sar and optical data for cereal yield estimation in Finland (Part I)","volume":"2","author":"Laurila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.3850080402","article-title":"Analysis and synthesis on scientific method\u2014Based on a study by Bernhard Riemann","volume":"8","author":"Ritchey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Systems Res."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"IIASA Available online: www.iiasa.ac.at."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00164-1","article-title":"Scaling-up the AFRCWHEAT2 model to assess phenological development for wheat in Europe","volume":"101","author":"Harrison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.23986\/afsci.5692","article-title":"Simulation of spring wheat responses to elevated CO2 and temperature by using CERES-wheat crop model","volume":"10","author":"Laurila","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. Food Sci. Fin."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x","article-title":"Witzen-Berger. A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds","volume":"119","author":"Lancashire","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"384","article-title":"Erl\u00e4uterungen zum BBCH-Dezimal-Code f\u00fcr die Entwicklungsstadien des Getreides - mit Abbildungen","volume":"41","author":"Witzenberger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gesunde Pflanzen"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.1974.tb01084.x","article-title":"A decimal code for the growth stages of cereals","volume":"14","author":"Zadoks","year":"1974","journal-title":"Weed Res."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Yli-Halla, M., Mokma, D., Peltovuori, T., and Sippola, J. (2000). Agricultural Soil Profiles in Finland and Their Classification, Agricultural Research Centre of Finland."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"\u00c5fors, M., Ohlander, L., and Stendahl, F. (1988). St\u00e5s\u00e4dens utveckling I. En litterastudie och beskrivning av en skala f\u00f6r best\u00e4mmning av str\u00e5s\u00e4dens axrespektive vippanlag, Inst. f\u00f6r V\u00e4xodlingl\u00e4r\u00e4. Sveriges Lantbruks-universitet. (In Swedish)."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Peltonen-Sainio, P., Rajala, A., and Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4, T. (2005). ABC of Cereal Development and Growth, MTT Agrifood Research Finland. (In Finnnish)."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.licor.com\/env\/Products\/AreaMeters\/lai2000\/2000_intro.jsp."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"263","article-title":"the effects of weather on yield and development of spring wheat in Finland","volume":"18","author":"Kontturi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Fenniae"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Saarikko, R.A. (1999). Climate Change and Crop Potential in Finland: Regional Assessment of Spring Wheat. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki]. Publication No. 55."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"SAS Publishing (1990). SAS\/Stat User\u2019s Guide Version 6, SAS Inst. Inc.. [3rd ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.sas.com\/."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"SAS Publishing (1990). SAS Procedures Guide, Version 6, SAS Inst. Inc.. [3rd ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.sas.com\/."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(87)90003-4","article-title":"Calibration of satellite radiometers and the comparison of vegetation indices","volume":"21","author":"Price","year":"1987","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169408954130","article-title":"Digital enhancement as an aid to detecting patterns of vegetation stress using medium-scale aerial photography","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"10","article-title":"GEMI. A non-linear index to monitor global vegetation from satellite","volume":"101","author":"Pinty","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Veg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212542","article-title":"The MERIS Global Vegetation Index (MGVI): Description and preliminary application","volume":"20","author":"Gobron","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160412331330293","article-title":"The state of vegetation in Europe following the 2003 drought","volume":"26","author":"Gobron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2003.07.079","article-title":"Monitoring the photosynthetic activity of vegetation from remote sensing data","volume":"38","author":"Gobron","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2006.02.048","article-title":"Evaluation of the MERIS\/ENVISAT FAPAR product","volume":"39","author":"Gobron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci2000.403723x","article-title":"Remote sensing of biomass and yield of winter wheat under different nitrogen supplies","volume":"40","author":"Serrano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1109\/36.763309","article-title":"Calibration accuracy of the HUTSCAT airborne scatterometer","volume":"37","author":"Hallikainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"MAFF\/TIKE (2003). Report of the Agricultural Land Use in the Rural Development Centers in 2003, The Information Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. In Finnish."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"MAFF\/TIKE Available online: www.mmmtike.fi\/fi\/index\/tilastojatietopalvelut\/tietopalvelu\/rekistereiden_tietosisalto\/peltolohkorekisteri.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Kangas, A., Laine, A., Niskanen, M., Salo, Y., Vuorinen, M., Jauhiainen, L., and Nikander, H. (2006). Results of Official Variety Trials 1998\u20132005, MTT Agrifood Research Finland. No. 105."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Kangas, A., Laine, A., Niskanen, M., Salo, Y., Vuorinen, M., Jauhiainen, L., and Nikander, H. (2008). Results of Official Variety Trials 2000\u20132007, MTT Agrifood Research Finland. No. 150."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"J\u00e4rvi, A., Kangas, A., and Rahkonen, H. (1997). Results of Official Variety Trials 1989\u20131996, MTT Agrifood Research Finland."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S1161-0301(98)00025-2","article-title":"Growth and yield potential of spring wheat in a simulated changed climate with increased CO2 and higher temperature","volume":"9","author":"Hakala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.05.066","article-title":"An automatic procedure to identify key vegetation phenology events using the JRC-FAPAR products","volume":"41","author":"Verstraete","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.08.017","article-title":"On the need to observe vegetation canopies in the near-infrared to estimate visible light absorption","volume":"113","author":"Pinty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kondratyev, K., Kozoderov, V., and Smokty, O. (1992). Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space: Atmospheric Correction, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-76747-0"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Ulaby, F.T. SAR biophysical retrievals: Lessons learned and challenges to overcome. Available online: http:\/\/conferences.esa.int\/98c07\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Henderson, F.M., and Lewis, A.J. (1997). Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar. Manual of Remote Sensing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"17","article-title":"Use of remotely sensed information in plant growth simulation models","volume":"1","author":"Maas","year":"1991","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"National Board of Agriculture in Finland Available online: http:\/\/www.matilda.fi\/servlet\/page?_pageid=501,193&_dad=portal30&_schema=PORTAL30."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02884562","article-title":"Relationships between grain yield and morphological characters in the winter wheat genotypes of the Belgian national list","volume":"21","author":"Ledenet","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Plantarum"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859607006831","article-title":"Association of source\/sink traits with yield, biomass and radiation use efficiency among random sister lines from three wheat crosses in a high-yield environment","volume":"145","author":"Reynolds","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2006.07.002","article-title":"Grain number dominates grain weight in temperate cereal yield determination: Evidence based on 30 years of multi-location trials","volume":"100","author":"Kangas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859607007368","article-title":"Variation in harvest index of modern spring barley, oat and wheat cultivars adapted to northern growing conditions","volume":"146","author":"Muurinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, D., Scurlock, J., Bolhar-Nordenkampf, R., Leegood, R., and Long, S. (1993). Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment. A Field and Laboratory Manual, Chapman and Hall. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-9626-3"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj2001.934783x","article-title":"Remote sensing of winter wheat tiller density for early nitrogen application decisions","volume":"93","author":"Flowers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agron. J."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2009.02.010","article-title":"Combined use of optical and radar satellite data for the detection of tillage and irrigation operations: Case study in Central Morocco","volume":"96","author":"Hadria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agr. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2009). Pokko Malting Barley Cultivation in Finland, Farmit.net. In Finnish."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"183","article-title":"Intracanopy lightning as a sole source of irradiation for planophile crop canopies in controlled environments","volume":"5","author":"Frantz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Life Support Biosphere Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kleemola, J. (1997). Modelling Nitrogen and Water Limited Crop Growth. [PhD Thesis, Department of Plant Production, University of Helsinki]."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Vossen, G., and Rijks, D. (1995). Early Crop Yield Assessment of the EU Countries: The System Implements by the Joint Research Centre, JRC. Office for the Official Publications of the EU (ISBN-92-827-5107-4)."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/9\/2185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T22:03:23Z","timestamp":1760220203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/2\/9\/2185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs2092185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs2092185","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,16]]}}}