{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T06:46:03Z","timestamp":1772952363184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1291939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this letter, the urban heat island effects on the temperature time series of Uccle (Brussels, Belgium) during the summers months 1960\u20131999 was estimated using both ground-based weather stations and remote sensing imagery, combined with a numerical land surface scheme including state-of-the-art urban parameterization, the Town Energy Balance Scheme. Analysis of urban warming based on remote sensing method reveals that the urban bias on minimum temperature is rising at a higher rate, 2.5 times (2.85 ground-based observed) more, than on maximum temperature, with a linear trend of 0.15 \u00b0C (0.19 \u00b0C ground-based observed) and 0.06 \u00b0C (0.06 \u00b0C ground-based observed) per decade respectively. The results based on remote sensing imagery are compatible with estimates of urban warming based on weather stations. Therefore, the technique presented in this work is a useful tool in estimating the urban heat island contamination in long time series, countering the drawbacks of a ground-observational approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2122773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]],"date-time":"2010-12-10T11:23:25Z","timestamp":1291980205000},"page":"2773-2784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Estimating Urban Heat Island Effects on the Temperature Series of Uccle (Brussels, Belgium) Using Remote Sensing Data and a Land Surface Scheme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rafiq","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Meteorological Institute, 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, P.D., Lister, D.H., and Li, Q. 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