{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T15:57:02Z","timestamp":1770479822290,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1297900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meteosat satellite images are processed to yield values of the incoming surface solar irradiance (SSI), one of the Essential Climate Variables. Two HelioClim databases, HC-1 and HC-3, were constructed covering Europe, Africa and the Atlantic Ocean, and contain daily and monthly means of SSI. The HC-1 database spans from 1985 to 2005; HC\u20113 began in 2004 and is updated daily. Their quality and limitations in retrieving monthly means of SSI have been studied by a comparison between eleven stations offering long time-series of measurements. A good agreement was observed for each site: bias was less than 10 W\/m\u00b2 in absolute value (5% in relative value) for HC-3. HC-1 offers a similar quality, though it underestimates the SSI for latitudes greater than 45\u00b0 and less than \u221245\u00b0. Time-series running from 1985 to date can be created by concatenating the HC-1 and HC-3 values and could help in assessing SSI and its changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]],"date-time":"2011-02-17T11:15:15Z","timestamp":1297941315000},"page":"343-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":131,"title":["The HelioClim Project: Surface Solar Irradiance Data for Climate Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Philippe","family":"Blanc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Processes, MINES ParisTech, BP 207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Gschwind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Processes, MINES ParisTech, BP 207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France"}]},{"given":"Mireille","family":"Lef\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Processes, MINES ParisTech, BP 207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2916-2391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucien","family":"Wald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Energy and Processes, MINES ParisTech, BP 207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Essential Climate Variables. 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