{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T12:58:21Z","timestamp":1770296301036,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]],"date-time":"2011-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1300320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser measurements have been used in a fluvial context since 1984, but the change detection possibilities of mobile laser scanning (MLS) for riverine topography have been lacking. This paper demonstrates the capability of MLS in erosion change mapping on a test site located in a 58 km-long tributary of the River Tenojoki (Tana) in the sub-arctic. We used point bars and river banks as example cases, which were measured with the mobile laser scanner ROAMER mounted on a boat and on a cart. Static terrestrial laser scanner data were used as reference and we exploited a difference elevation model technique for describing erosion and deposition areas. The measurements were based on data acquisitions during the late summer in 2008 and 2009. The coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.93 and a standard deviation of error 3.4 cm were obtained as metrics for change mapping based on MLS. The root mean square error (RMSE) of MLS\u2011based digital elevation models (DEM) for non-vegetated point bars ranged between 2.3 and 7.6 cm after correction of the systematic error. For densely vegetated bank areas, the ground point determination was more difficult resulting in an RMSE between 15.7 and 28.4 cm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3030587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]],"date-time":"2011-03-17T12:53:34Z","timestamp":1300366414000},"page":"587-600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Mapping Topography Changes and Elevation Accuracies Using a Mobile Laser Scanner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Vaaja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}]},{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Antero","family":"Kukko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Kaartinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"685","article-title":"Airborne laser topographic mapping results","volume":"50","author":"Krabill","year":"1984","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"327","article-title":"Commercial implication of topographic terrain mapping using scanning airborne laser radar","volume":"66","author":"Flood","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.01.012","article-title":"Airborne laser scanning for riverbank erosion assessment","volume":"95","author":"Thoma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(01)00039-9","article-title":"Image processing of airborne scanning laser altimetry data for improved river flood modelling","volume":"56","author":"Cobby","year":"2001","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2006.08.003","article-title":"Extraction of tidal channel networks from airborne scanning laser altimetry","volume":"61","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.07.012","article-title":"Floodplain roughness parameterization using airborne laser scanning and spectral remote sensing","volume":"112","author":"Straatsma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.03.021","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning of grain roughness in a gravel-bed river","volume":"113","author":"Heritage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/00291950802095079","article-title":"Volume changes of Alpine sediment stores in a state of post-event disequilibrium and the implications for downstream hydrology and bed load transport","volume":"62","author":"Morche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Norsk Geog. Tidsskr. Norwegian J. Geog."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2008.08.005","article-title":"Quantifying bank erosion on the South River from 1937 to 2005, and its importance in assessing Hg contamination","volume":"29","author":"Rhoades","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.295","article-title":"Predictive modelling of multiperiod geoarchaeological resources at a river confluence: A case study from the Trent-Soar, UK","volume":"13","author":"Carey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1879","article-title":"Application of boat-based laser scanning for river survey","volume":"34","author":"Alho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.08.015","article-title":"Effect of topographic data, geometric configuration and modeling approach on flood inundation mapping","volume":"377","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04399.x","article-title":"Impact of varied data resolution on hydraulic modeling and floodplain delineation","volume":"39","author":"Omer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Wat. Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.06.034","article-title":"Creating and coupling a high-resolution DTM with a 1-D hydraulic model in a GIS for scenario-based assessment of avulsion hazard in a gravel-bed river","volume":"113","author":"Agget","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1085(20000815\/30)14:11\/12<2109::AID-HYP58>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Integration of high-resolution topographic data with floodplain flow models","volume":"14","author":"Marks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.484","article-title":"Airborne LiDAR in support of geomorphological and hydraulic modelling","volume":"28","author":"French","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1113","article-title":"Optimal use of high resolution topographic data in flood inundation models","volume":"17","author":"Bates","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Br\u00fcgelmann, R., and Bollweg, A.E. (2004, January 12\u201323). Laser Altimetry for River Management. Proceedings of XXth ISPRS Congress, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1127\/0372-8854\/2011\/0055S2-0044","article-title":"Mobile laser scanning in fluvial geomorphology: Mapping and change detection of point bars","volume":"55","author":"Alho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2007.07.005","article-title":"Geometric validation of a ground-based mobile laser scanning system","volume":"63","author":"Barber","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"El-Sheimy, N. (2005, January 16\u201321). An Overview of Mobile Mapping Systems. Proceedings of FIG Working Week 2005 and GSDI-8, Cairo, Egypt. [CDROM]."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"222","article-title":"Mobile mapping systems overview","volume":"76","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Haala, N., Peter, M., Kremer, J., and Hunter, G. (2008, January 3\u201311). Mobile Lidar Mapping for 3D Point Cloud Collection in Urban Areas\u2014A Performance Test. Proceedings of the XXI ISPRS Congress, Beijing, China. Part B5."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hassan, T., and El-Sheimy, N. (2008, January 3\u201311). Common Adjustment of Land-Based and Airborne Mobile Mapping System Data. Proceedings of the XXI ISPRS Congress, Beijing, China. Part B5."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.3390\/s8095238","article-title":"Retrieval algorithms for road surface modelling based on mobile mapping","volume":"8","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2030641","article-title":"Detection of vertical pole-like objects in a road environment using vehicle-based laser scanning data","volume":"2","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"32","article-title":"An introduction to the technology, Mobile mapping systems","volume":"13","author":"Petrie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geoinformatics"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Shibasaki, R., and Shi, Z. (2008, January 3\u201311). Towards Automatic Road Mapping by Fusing Vehicle-Borne Multi-Sensor Data. Proceedings of the XXI ISPRS Congress, Beijing, China. Part B5."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Tao, C.V., and Li, J. (2004). Advances in Mobile Mapping Technology, ISPRS Book Series; Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2081864","article-title":"From TLS to VLS: Biomass estimation at individual tree level","volume":"2","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7671","article-title":"Hydraulic parameter estimations of a 2-D model validated with sedimentological findings in the point-bar environment","volume":"24","author":"Alho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kukko, A., Andrei, C.-O., Salminen, V.-M., Kaartinen, H., Chen, Y., R\u00f6nnholm, P., Hyypp\u00e4, H., Hyypp\u00e4, J., Chen, R., Haggr\u00e9n, H., Kosonen, I., and \u010capek, K. (2007, January 12\u201314). Road Environment Mapping System of the Finnish Geodetic Institute\u2014FGI ROAMER. Proceedings of ISPRS Workshop on Laser Scanning 2007 and SilviLaser 2007, Espoo, Finland. Part 3\/W52."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Soininen, A. (2010). TerraScan User\u2019s Guide, Terrasolid Ltd."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Axelsson, P. (2000, January 16\u201322). DEM Generation from Laser Scanner Data Using Adaptive TIN Models. Proceedings of XIX ISPRS Congress, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Part B4."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00320-3","article-title":"Methodological sensitivity of morphometric estimates of coarse fluvial sediment transport","volume":"53","author":"Bransington","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.483","article-title":"Estimation of erosion and deposition volumes in a large, gravel-bed, braided river using synoptic remote sensing","volume":"28","author":"Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1592","article-title":"Application of a 3D laser scanner in the assessment of erosion and deposition volumes and channel change in a proglacial river","volume":"32","author":"Milan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.09.012","article-title":"Filtering spatial error from DEMs; implications for morphological change estimation","volume":"125","author":"Milan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/3\/587\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:55:34Z","timestamp":1760219734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/3\/587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs3030587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs3030587","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,17]]}}}