{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:36:30Z","timestamp":1760243790108,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,20]],"date-time":"2011-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1305849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Significant instrumental systematic errors are known to exist in data captured with range cameras using lock-in pixel technology. Because they are independent of the imaged object scene structure, these errors can be rigorously estimated in a self-calibrating bundle adjustment procedure. This paper presents a review and a quantitative comparison of three methods for range camera self-calibration in order to determine which, if any, is superior. Two different SwissRanger range cameras have been calibrated using each method. Though differences of up to 2 mm (in object space) in both the observation precision and accuracy measures exist between the methods, they are of little practical consequence when compared to the magnitude of these measures (12 mm to 18 mm). One of the methods was found to underestimate the principal distance but overestimate the rangefinder offset in comparison to the other two methods whose estimates agreed more closely. Strong correlations among the rangefinder offset, periodic error terms and the camera position co-ordinates are indentified and their cause explained in terms of network geometry and observation range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3051014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,23]],"date-time":"2011-05-23T09:52:28Z","timestamp":1306144348000},"page":"1014-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["A Comparison of Three Geometric Self-Calibration Methods for Range Cameras"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Derek D.","family":"Lichti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changjae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchondong, Seodaemungu, Seoul 120-749, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2009.11.002","article-title":"Time-of-Flight Sensor Calibration for Accurate Range Sensing","volume":"114","author":"Lindner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Understand."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1109\/3.910448","article-title":"Solid-State Time-of-Flight Range Camera","volume":"37","author":"Lange","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE J. Quantum Electron."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1515\/JAG.2008.001","article-title":"Calibration and Development for Increased Accuracy of 3D Range Imaging Cameras","volume":"2","author":"Kahlmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10080","DOI":"10.3390\/s91210080","article-title":"Sensors for 3D Imaging: Metric Evaluation and Calibration of a CCD\/CMOS Time-of-Flight Camera","volume":"9","author":"Chiabrando","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Jamtsho, S., and Lichti, D.D. (2010, January 21\u201324). Modeling Scattering Distortion of 3D Range Camera. 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[3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-97196-9"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053603-1","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3122002","article-title":"Photogrammetric Calibration and Colorization of the SwissRanger SR-3100 3-D Range Imaging Sensor","volume":"48","author":"Robbins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Boehm, J., and Pattinson, T. (2010, January 21\u201324). Accuracy of Exterior Orientation for a Range Camera. Proceedings of ISPRS Commission V Mid-Term Symposium \u2018Close Range Image Measurement Techniques\u2019, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2010.04.002","article-title":"An Integrated Bundle Adjustment Approach to Range-Camera Geometric Self-Calibration","volume":"65","author":"Lichti","year":"2010","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. 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Eng."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/5\/1014\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:09Z","timestamp":1760219769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/5\/1014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,20]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs3051014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs3051014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,20]]}}}