{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:36:37Z","timestamp":1760243797761,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]],"date-time":"2011-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1307059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed a ground truth database for urban areas from the Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) Settlement Points gazetteer of populated place names by visually interpreting 3,734 urban points on satellite images, thus acquiring 2,144 urban and 1,388 non-urban data points. Our database contained many more urban data points than the existing databases, which had only 0 to 11 ground truth data points. We used our database in combination with the Degree Confluence Project database to assess the accuracy of eight satellite-derived urban area maps, among which the MODIS Terra + Aqua Land Cover Type Yearly L3 Global 500 m SIN Grid was the most accurate (84% overall accuracy; kappa coefficient, 0.63). Moreover, the most recently published maps were not necessarily the most accurate. We compared the accuracy assessment results of our database with those of another database and found that ours detected more errors of commission but included less chance agreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3061177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]],"date-time":"2011-06-03T14:58:56Z","timestamp":1307113136000},"page":"1177-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of a New Ground Truth Database for Global Urban Area Mapping from a Gazetteer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7262-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo, 435 General Research Building, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan"}]},{"given":"Koki","family":"Iwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 2, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ryosuke","family":"Shibasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Spatial Information Science, The University of Tokyo, 435 General Research Building, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10708-007-9102-z","article-title":"A critical look at representations of urban areas in global maps","volume":"69","author":"Potere","year":"2007","journal-title":"GeoJournal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.09.005","article-title":"A comparative analysis of the Global Land Cover 2000 and MODIS land cover data sets","volume":"94","author":"Giri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hodges, J. Validation of the Consistent-Year V003 MODIS Land Cover Product. Available online: http:\/\/wwwmodis.bu.edu\/landcover\/userguidelc\/consistent.htm."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tateishi, R. Available online: ftp:\/\/geoinfo.cr.chiba-u.jp\/pub\/geoinfo\/globalproducts\/GLCGT\/ GLCGTDBver1.2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L23404","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL027768","article-title":"Validating land cover maps with Degree Confluence Project information","volume":"33","author":"Iwao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6531","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903121134","article-title":"Mapping urban areas on a global scale: Which of the eight maps now available is more accurate?","volume":"30","author":"Potere","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Angel, S., Sheppard, S.C., and Civco, D.L. (2005). The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion, Cities Alliance, Transport and Urban Development Department, The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2004). Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP), Alpha Version: Urban Extents, Center for International Earth Science Information Network; Columbia University; International Food Policy Research Institute; The World Bank."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44003","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/4\/4\/044003","article-title":"A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Schneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003713036","article-title":"How much is built? Quantifying and interpreting patterns of built space from different data sources","volume":"32","author":"Orenstein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. 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Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamamoto, N., Nakamura, R., Yamamoto, H., Tsuchida, S., Kojima, I., Tanaka, Y., and Sekiguchi, S. (2006, January 20\u201322). GEO Grid: Grid Infrastructure for Integration of Huge Satellite Imagery and Geoscience Data Setsets. Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIT.2006.95"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"30","article-title":"Satellite confirmation of settlement size coefficients","volume":"1","author":"Tobler","year":"1969","journal-title":"Area"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Strahler, A., Boschetti, L., Foody, G., Friedl, M., Hansen, M., Herold, M., Mayaux, P., Morisette, J., Stehman, S., and Woodcock, C. (2006). Global Land Cover Validation: Recommendations for Evaluation and Accuracy Assessment of Global Land Cover Maps, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00295-4","article-title":"Status of land cover classification accuracy assessment","volume":"80","author":"Foody","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/6\/1177\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:56:18Z","timestamp":1760219778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/6\/1177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs3061177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs3061177","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,3]]}}}