{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T01:44:51Z","timestamp":1768441491461,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]],"date-time":"2011-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we describe a system in which a GPS receiver mounted on the roof of a car is used to provide reference information to evaluate the elevation accuracy and georeferencing of airborne laser scanning (ALS) point clouds. The concept was evaluated in the Klaukkala test area where a number of roads were traversed to collect real-time kinematic data. Two test cases were evaluated, including one case using the real-time kinematic (RTK) method with a dedicated GPS base station at a known benchmark in the area and another case using the GNSSnet virtual reference station service (VRS). The utility of both GPS methods was confirmed. When all test data were included, the mean difference between ALS data and GPS-based observations was \u22122.4 cm for both RTK and VRS GPS cases. The corresponding dispersions were \u00b14.5 cm and \u00b15.9 cm, respectively. In addition, our examination did not reveal the presence of any significant rotation between ALS and GPS data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3091902","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]],"date-time":"2011-08-31T11:26:11Z","timestamp":1314789971000},"page":"1902-1913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the Correctness of Airborne Laser Scanning Data Heights Using Vehicle-Based RTK and VRS GPS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Satu","family":"Dahlqvist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Land Survey of Finland, Opastinsilta 12, FI-00520 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petri","family":"R\u00f6nnholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11200, Otakaari 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panu","family":"Salo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11200, Otakaari 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying, School of Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11200, Otakaari 1, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2026424","article-title":"Alternative methodologies for the internal quality control of parallel LiDAR strips","volume":"48","author":"Habib","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Morin, K., and El-Sheimy, N. (2002, January 19\u201326). Post-Mission Adjustment Methods of Airborne Laser Scanning Data. Proceedings of the FIG\/ASPRS Annual Conference 2002, Washington, DC, USA. Available online: http:\/\/www.fig.net\/pub\/fig_2002\/Ts5-9\/TS5_9_morin_elsheimy.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schenk, T. (2001). Modeling and Analyzing Systematic Errors in Airborne Laser Scanners, The Ohio State University. Technical Notes in Photogrammetry No 19."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"230","article-title":"On the Adjustment of Overlapping Strips of Laser Altimeter Height Data","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Crombaghs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of XIX ISPRS Congress"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Vosselman, G., and Maas, H. (2001, January 1\u20133). Adjustment and Filtering of Raw Laser Altimetry Data. 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Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"19","article-title":"Scope for laser scanning to provide road environment information","volume":"19","author":"Soininen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. J. Finl."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"267","article-title":"A Quality Assessment of Airborne Laser Scanner Data","volume":"Volume 37","author":"Ahokas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of XXI ISPRS Congress"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"189","article-title":"Using Road Pavement Markings as Ground Control for Lidar Data","volume":"Volume 37","author":"Toth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of XXI ISPRS Congress"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"JUHTA\u2013Julkisen Hallinnon Tietohallinnon Neuvottelukunta. JHS 154 ETRS89 j\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4n liittyv\u00e4t karttaprojektiot, tasokoordinaatistot ja karttalehtijako (JHS 154 Map Projections, Plane Coordinate Systems and Map Indexing Concerning ETRS89 System. Available online: http:\/\/docs.jhs-suositukset.fi\/jhs-suositukset\/JHS154\/JHS154.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"76","article-title":"Development of the finnish height conversion surface FIN2005N00","volume":"7","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nord. J. Surv. Real Estate Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sirki\u00e4, O. (2008, January 27\u201328). Laserkeilaustietojen Hy\u00f6dynt\u00e4minen Maastotietokannan Tuottamisessa. Proceedings of Maanmittaustieteiden P\u00e4iv\u00e4t 2008, Espoo, Finland. Available online: http:\/\/mts.fgi.fi\/paivat\/2008\/03_Olli_Sirkia.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Edwards, S., Clarke, P., Goebell, S., and Penna, N. An examination of commercial network RTK GPS services in Great Britain. Available online: http:\/\/www.trimble.com\/pdf\/TSA_Report.pdf."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/9\/1902\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:57:15Z","timestamp":1760219835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/9\/1902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs3091902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs3091902","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,31]]}}}