{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:24:39Z","timestamp":1766136279837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1323216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The National Aeronautics and Space Administration\u2019s airborne Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) was deployed in June 2010 in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. UAVSAR is a fully polarimetric L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensor for obtaining data at high spatial resolutions. Starting a month prior to the UAVSAR collections, visual observations confirmed oil impacts along shorelines within northeastern Barataria Bay waters in eastern coastal Louisiana. UAVSAR data along several flight lines over Barataria Bay were collected on 23 June 2010, including the repeat flight line for which data were collected in June 2009. Our analysis of calibrated single-look complex data for these flight lines shows that structural damage of shoreline marsh accompanied by oil occurrence manifested as anomalous features not evident in pre-spill data. Freeman-Durden (FD) and Cloude-Pottier (CP) decompositions of the polarimetric data and Wishart classifications seeded with the FD and CP classes also highlighted these nearshore features as a change in dominant scattering mechanism. All decompositions and classifications also identify a class of interior marshes that reproduce the spatially extensive changes in backscatter indicated by the pre- and post-spill comparison of multi-polarization radar backscatter data. FD and CP decompositions reveal that those changes indicate a transform of dominant scatter from primarily surface or volumetric to double or even bounce. Given supportive evidence that oil-polluted waters penetrated into the interior marshes, it is reasonable that these backscatter changes correspond with oil exposure; however, multiple factors prevent unambiguous determination of whether UAVSAR detected oil in interior marshes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3122630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]],"date-time":"2011-12-07T13:12:32Z","timestamp":1323263552000},"page":"2630-2662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Oil Detection in a Coastal Marsh with Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Elijah","family":"Ramsey III","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wetlands Research Center, US Geological Survey, 700 Cajundome Blvd., Lafayette, LA 70506, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Rangoonwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAP World Services, Inc., Cape Canaveral, FL 32920, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Suzuoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASci Corp., Inc., McLean, VA 22101, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cathleen E.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1195840","article-title":"Magnitude of the 2010 Gulf of Mexico oil leak","volume":"330","author":"Crone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.2307\/3543368","article-title":"Seasonal effects of oil pollution on salt marsh vegetation","volume":"22","author":"Baker","year":"1971","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397133","article-title":"Effects of chronic oil pollution on a salt-marsh grass community","volume":"56","author":"Hershner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Mendelssohn, I., Lin, Q., Carney, K., Bryner, N., and Walton, W. (2000). Salt Marsh Recovery after in situ Burning for Oil Spill Remediation; Effects of Water Depth and Burn Duration."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsey, E., Werle, D., Suzuoki, Y., Rangoonwala, A., and Lu, Z. (2011). Limitations and potential of optical and radar satellite imagery to monitor environmental response to coastal emergencies in Louisiana, USA. J. Coast. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.2112\/JCOASTRES-D-11-00052.1"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, M.L. (2005). Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3880-1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739136","article-title":"Using multiple polarization L-band radar to monitor marsh burn recovery","volume":"37","author":"Ramsey","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Lee, J.-S., and Pottier, E. (2009). Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications (Optical Science and Engineering), CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/36.481896","article-title":"Knowledge-based land-cover classification using ERS-1\/JERS-1SAR composites","volume":"34","author":"Dobson","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Jones, C.E., Minchew, B., Holt, B., and Hensley, S. (2011). Monitoring and Modeling of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise, AGU. in press."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Cloude, S., Pottier, E., and Boerner, W.M. (2002, January 4\u20136). Unsupervised Image Classification using the Entropy\/Alpha\/Anisotropy Method in Radar Polarimetry. Proceedings of The 2002 AIRSAR Earth Science and Application Workshop, Pasadena, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Putignano, C. (2009). PolSOM and TexSOM in Polarimetric SAR Classification. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Computer, Systems and Production Engineering GeoInformation]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/36.20273","article-title":"Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data","volume":"27","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Techniques (SCAT) Maps\u00a0, http:\/\/gomex.erma.noaa.gov\/layerfiles\/4809\/metadata\/cumulative_scat_houma.htm."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"SONRIS (Strategic Online Natural Resources Information System)\u00a0. Available online: http:\/\/sonris-www.dnr.state.la.us\/www_root\/sonris_portal_1.htm."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"NOS\/CO-OPS (National Ocean Service\/Center for Operational Oceanographic Products & Services) NOAA Meteorological Data, Available online: http:\/\/tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov\/gmap3\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NOAA Satellite and Information Service NESDIS Anomaly Analysis; Available online:, Available online: http:\/\/www.nesdis.noaa.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Davis, B.A. Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1109\/36.485127","article-title":"A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry","volume":"34","author":"Cloude","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"PCI Geomatics (2007). Geomatica SPW 10.1 User Guide (SAR Polarimetry Workstation), PCI Geomatics Enterprises, Inc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jedlovec, G. (2009). Advances in Geoscience and Remote Sensing, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/955"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000044832","article-title":"On the visualization of polarimetric response","volume":"24","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2018626","article-title":"Phase of target scattering for wetland characterization using polarimetric C-band SAR","volume":"47","author":"Touzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673687","article-title":"A three component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data","volume":"36","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/36.551935","article-title":"An entropy based classification scheme for land applications of polarimetric SAR","volume":"35","author":"Cloude","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789621","article-title":"Unsupervised classification using polarimetric decomposition and the complex Wishart classifier","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ouarzeddine, M., Souissi, B., and Belhadj-Aissa, A. (2007, January 22\u201326). Unsupervised Classification Using Wishart Classifier. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Science and Applications of SAR Polarimetry and Polarimetric Interferometry, Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bigun, J., and Gustavsson, T. (2,, January June). Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar Data and the Complex Wishart Distribution. Proceedings of 13th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis (SCIA), Halmstad, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2010.2096201","article-title":"Monitoring duration and extent of storm surge flooding along the Louisiana coast with Envisat ASAR data","volume":"4","author":"Ramsey","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lunetta, R., and Lyon, J. (2004). Remote Sensing and GIS Accuracy Assessment, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203497586"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minchew, B., Jones, C.E., and Holt, B. (2011). Polarimetric analysis of backscatter from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill Using L-band radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., submitted.","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2185804"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-2561(98)00023-1","article-title":"Review of oil spill remote sensing","volume":"4","author":"Fingas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Spill Sci. Tech. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00913863","article-title":"Theories for the interaction of electromagnetic and oceanic waves\u2014A review","volume":"13","author":"Valenzuela","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bound-Lay. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.886176","article-title":"Target scattering decomposition in terms of roll-invariant target parameters","volume":"45","author":"Touzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/12\/2630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:58:15Z","timestamp":1760219895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/3\/12\/2630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs3122630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs3122630","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,7]]}}}