{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:36:49Z","timestamp":1789691809330,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1328486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reflective bands of Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper satellite imagery were used to facilitate the estimation of basal crop evapotranspiration (ETcb), or potential crop water use, in San Joaquin Valley fields during 2008. A ground-based digital camera measured green fractional cover (Fc) of 49 commercial fields planted to 18 different crop types (row crops, grains, orchard, vineyard) of varying maturity over 11 Landsat overpass dates. Landsat L1T terrain-corrected images were transformed to surface reflectance and converted to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). A strong linear relationship between NDVI and Fc was observed (r2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.062). The resulting regression equation was used to estimate Fc for crop cycles of broccoli, bellpepper, head lettuce, and garlic on nominal 7\u20139 day intervals for several study fields. Prior relationships developed by weighing lysimeter were used to transform Fc to fraction of reference evapotranspiration, also known as basal crop coefficient (Kcb). Measurements of grass reference evapotranspiration from the California Irrigation Management Information System were then used to calculate ETcb for each overpass date. Temporal profiles of Fc, Kcb, and ETcb were thus developed for the study fields, along with estimates of seasonal water use. Daily ETcb retrieval uncertainty resulting from error in satellite-based Fc estimation was &lt; 0.5 mm\/d, with seasonal uncertainty of 6\u201310%. Results were compared with FAO-56 irrigation guidelines and prior lysimeter observations for reference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4020439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]],"date-time":"2012-02-06T11:20:07Z","timestamp":1328527207000},"page":"439-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Satellite NDVI Assisted Monitoring of Vegetable Crop Evapotranspiration in California\u2019s San Joaquin Valley"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lee F.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Science & Environmental Policy, California State University, Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955, USA"},{"name":"Earth Science Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Trout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA\/ARS Water Management Research Unit, Ft. Collins, CO 80526, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.cdfa.ca.gov\/statistics\/ (accessed on 27 June 2011)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2005)131:1(73)","article-title":"Comparison of some reference evapotranspiration equations for California","volume":"131","author":"Temesgen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Irrig. Drain. Eng"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/10286600802003500","article-title":"Daily reference evapotranspiration for California using satellite imagery and weather station measurement interpolation","volume":"26","author":"Hart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Civil Eng. Environ. Syst"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M (1998). 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