{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:04:38Z","timestamp":1787029478023,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]],"date-time":"2012-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1330646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate solar surface irradiance data is a prerequisite for an efficient planning and operation of solar energy systems. Further, it is essential for climate monitoring and analysis. Recently, the demand on information about spectrally resolved solar surface irradiance has grown. As surface measurements are rare, satellite derived information with high accuracy might fill this gap. This paper describes a new approach for the retrieval of spectrally resolved solar surface irradiance from satellite data. The method combines a eigenvector-hybrid look-up table approach for the clear sky case with satellite derived cloud transmission (Heliosat method). The eigenvector LUT approach is already used to retrieve the broadband solar surface irradiance of data sets provided by the Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility (CM-SAF). This paper describes the extension of this approach to wavelength bands and the combination with spectrally resolved cloud transmission values derived with radiative transfer corrections of the broadband cloud transmission. Thus, the new approach is based on radiative transfer modeling and enables the use of extended information about the atmospheric state, among others, to resolve the effect of water vapor and ozone absorption bands. The method is validated with spectrally resolved measurements from two sites in Europe and by comparison with radiative transfer calculations. The validation results demonstrate the ability of the method to retrieve accurate spectrally resolved irradiance from satellites. The accuracy is in the range of the uncertainty of surface measurements, with exception of the UV and NIR ( \u2265 1200 nm) part of the spectrum, where higher deviations occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,5]],"date-time":"2012-03-05T07:40:22Z","timestamp":1330933222000},"page":"622-647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["A New Algorithm for the Satellite-Based Retrieval of Solar Surface Irradiance in Spectral Bands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Richard","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, Frankfurter Str. 135, D-60387 Offenbach, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Behrendt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EHF Laboratory, Department of Physics, Universtiy of Oldenburg, Carl v. Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EHF Laboratory, Department of Physics, Universtiy of Oldenburg, Carl v. Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Axel","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EHF Laboratory, Department of Physics, Universtiy of Oldenburg, Carl v. Ossietzky Str. 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-7-Schmetz-2","article-title":"An introduction to Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)","volume":"83","author":"Schmetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Met. Soc"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2003). The Second Report on the Adequacy of the Global Observing Systems for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC, WMO. Vol. Rep. GCOS-82."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(02)80290-3","article-title":"The satellite application facility on climate monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Woick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"8517","article-title":"Operational climate monitoring from space: The EUMETSAT satellite application facility on climate monitoring (CM-SAF)","volume":"8","author":"Schulz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2007.907537","article-title":"Verification of NCEP reanalysis shortwave radiation with mesoscale remote sensing data","volume":"5","author":"Babst","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Perez, R., Renne, D., Seals, R., and Zelenka, A The strengths of satellite based solar resource assessment. Production of Site\/Time-Specific Irradiances from Satellite and Ground Data, Report 98-3."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0166:ISROEE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Incident solar radiation over Europe estimated from METEOSAT data","volume":"23","author":"Raschke","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Climate Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(86)90104-0","article-title":"A method for the determination of the global solar radiation from meteorological satellite data","volume":"37","author":"Cano","year":"1986","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1029\/91JC01754","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of global surface solar irradiance","volume":"96","author":"Bishop","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1992)031<0194:MSSIFS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Modelling surface solar irradiance for satellite applications on a global scale","volume":"31","author":"Pinker","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15741","DOI":"10.1029\/92JD00675","article-title":"Seasonal variation of surface radiation budget derived from ISCCP-C1 data","volume":"97","author":"Darnell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2004.04.017","article-title":"The method Heliosat-2 for deriving shortwave solar radiation from satellite images","volume":"77","author":"Rigolier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.012","article-title":"The CM-SAFoperational scheme for the satellite based retrieval of solar surface irradiance\u2014A LUT based eigenvector hybrid approach","volume":"113","author":"Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00083-X","article-title":"Solar Energy Assessment Using Remote Sensing Technologies","volume":"86","author":"Hammer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3051029","article-title":"Spatial and temporal homogeneity of solar surface irradiance across satellite generations","volume":"3","author":"Posselt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.002502","article-title":"Numerically stable algorithm for discrete-ordinate-method radiative transfer in multiple scattering and emitting layered media","volume":"27","author":"Stammes","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1855-2005","article-title":"Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations\u2014Description and examples of use","volume":"5","author":"Mayer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09109.x","article-title":"Comparison of models used for UV index calculations","volume":"67","author":"Koepke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8755","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00240","article-title":"Systematic long-term comparison of spectral UV measurements and UVSPEC modeling results","volume":"102","author":"Mayer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kato, S., Ackerman, T., Mather, J., and Clothiaux, E (1999). The k-distribution method and correlated-k approximation for a short-wave radiative transfer. J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(98)00075-2"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3112305","article-title":"The Role of the Effective Cloud Albedo for Climate Monitoring and Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Mueller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.02.009","article-title":"Rethinking satellite based solar irradiance modelling. The SOLIS clear-sky module","volume":"91","author":"Mueller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2005.04.018","article-title":"Comparison of eight clear sky broadband models against 16 independent data banks","volume":"80","author":"Ineichen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Shettle, P., and Fenn, R.W. Models of the Atmospheric Aerosols and Their Optical Properties. Lyngby, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Shetlle, E (1989, January 9\u201313). Models of Aerosols, Clouds and Precipitation for Atmospheric Propagation Studies. Copenhagen, Denmark."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.37.002441","article-title":"Modeling of the influence of snowreflectance on ultraviolet irradiance for cloudless sky","volume":"37","author":"Lenoble","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217099","article-title":"The IGBP-DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set, DISCover first results","volume":"18","author":"Loveland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"977","article-title":"Using multi-source data in global land-cover characterization: concepts, requirements, and methods","volume":"59","author":"Brown","year":"1993","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4","article-title":"Land surface processes and climate\u2014Surface albedos and energy balance","volume":"25","author":"Dickinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05806","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032571","article-title":"On the wavelength-dependent attenuation of UV radiation by clouds","volume":"35","author":"Lindfors","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-1815-2006","article-title":"An AeroCom initial assessment\u2014Optical properties in aerosol component modules of global models","volume":"6","author":"Kinne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC","volume":"79","author":"Hess","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.493","article-title":"Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data in the ERA-interim reanalyis","volume":"135","author":"Dee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betts, A.K., Ball, J.H., Bosilovich, M., Viterbo, P., Zhang, Y., and Rossow, W.B. (2003). Intercomparison of water and energy budgets for five Mississippi subbasins between ECMWF re-analysis (ERA-40) and NASA Data Assimilation Office fvGCM for 1990\u20131999. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD003127"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9237","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-9237-2011","article-title":"A global climatology of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone derived from Aura OMI and MLS measurements","volume":"11","author":"Ziemke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(79)90110-5","article-title":"Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces","volume":"23","author":"Klucher","year":"1979","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-092X(77)90056-1","article-title":"Solar Radiation Incident Upon Slopes of Different Orientations","volume":"19","author":"Temps","year":"1977","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2008.04.009","article-title":"Quality of performance assessment of PV plants based on irradiance maps","volume":"82","author":"Drews","year":"2008","journal-title":"Solar Energy"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/3\/622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:12Z","timestamp":1760219352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/3\/622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4030622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4030622","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,2]]}}}