{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T13:39:18Z","timestamp":1787060358949,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1331510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in global climate dynamics and in primary production of terrestrial ecosystems; it represents the mass and energy transfer from the land to atmosphere. Limitations to measuring ET at large scales using ground-based methods have motivated the development of satellite remote sensing techniques. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the accuracy of the SEBAL algorithm for estimating surface turbulent heat fluxes at regional scale, using 28 images from MODIS. SEBAL estimates are compared with eddy-covariance (EC) measurements and results from the hydrological model MGB-IPH. SEBAL instantaneous estimates of latent heat flux (LE) yielded r 2= 0.64 and r2 = 0.62 over sugarcane croplands and savannas when compared against in situ EC estimates. At the same sites, daily aggregated estimates of LE were r 2 = 0.76 and r2 = 0.66, respectively. Energy balance closure showed that turbulent fluxes over sugarcane croplands were underestimated by 7% and 9% over savannas. Average daily ET from SEBAL is in close agreement with estimates from the hydrological model for an overlay of 38,100 km2 (r2 = 0.88). Inputs to which the algorithm is most sensitive are vegetation index (NDVI), gradient of temperature (dT) to compute sensible heat flux (H) and net radiation (Rn). It was verified that SEBAL has a tendency to overestimate results both at local and regional scales probably because of low sensitivity to soil moisture and water stress. Nevertheless the results confirm the potential of the SEBAL algorithm, when used with MODIS images for estimating instantaneous LE and daily ET from large areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]],"date-time":"2012-03-12T12:07:51Z","timestamp":1331554071000},"page":"703-725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["A MODIS-Based Energy Balance to Estimate Evapotranspiration for Clear-Sky Days in Brazilian Tropical Savannas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anderson L.","family":"Ruhoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Humanas e da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS CEP 96201-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano R.","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Para\u00edba, Jo\u00e3o Pessoa, PB CEP 58059-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Collischonn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Hidr\u00e1ulicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS CEP 91501-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz E.O.C.","family":"Aragao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humberto R.","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astronomia, Geof\u00edsica e Ci\u00eancias Atmosf\u00e9ricas, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP CEP 05508-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3503-4783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadvinder S.","family":"Malhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and the Environment, Oxford University Centre for the Environment, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9437(2007)133:4(380)","article-title":"Satellite-Based Energy Balance for Mapping Evapotranspiration with Internalized Calibration (METRIC)\u2014Model","volume":"133","author":"Allen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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