{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T07:38:09Z","timestamp":1778571489716,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,3]],"date-time":"2012-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present two improvements for laser-based forest inventory. The first improvement is based on using last pulse data for tree detection. When trees overlap, the surface model between the trees corresponding to the first pulse stays high, whereas the corresponding model from the last pulse results in a drop in elevation, due to its better penetration between the trees. This drop in elevation can be used for separating trees. In a test carried out in Evo, Southern Finland, we used 292 forests plots consisting of more than 5,500 trees and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data comprised of 12.7 emitted laser pulses per m2. With last pulse data, an improvement of 6% for individual tree detection was obtained when compared to using first pulse data. The improvement increased with an increasing number of stems per plot and with decreasing diameter breast height (DBH). The results confirm that there is also substantial information for tree detection in last pulse data. The second improvement is based on the use of individual tree-based features in addition to the statistical point height metrics in area-based prediction of forest variables. The commonly-used ALS point height metrics and individual tree-based features were fused into the non-parametric estimation of forest variables. By using only four individual tree-based features, stem volume estimation improved when compared to the use of statistical point height metrics. For DBH estimation, the point height metrics and individual tree-based features complemented each other. Predictions were validated at plot level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,3]],"date-time":"2012-05-03T11:02:37Z","timestamp":1336042957000},"page":"1190-1207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":159,"title":["Advances in Forest Inventory Using Airborne Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6552-9122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikko","family":"Vastaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antero","family":"Kukko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"Kaartinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anttoni","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matti","family":"Vaaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jarkko","family":"Koskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petteri","family":"Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.11.022","article-title":"A comparison of lidar, radar, and field measurements of canopy height in pine and hardwood forests of south-eastern North America","volume":"257","author":"Sexton","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. 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