{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:33:33Z","timestamp":1760243613410,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]],"date-time":"2012-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1336089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work summarizes the activities carried out by the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) Barcelona Expert Center (SMOS-BEC) team in conjunction with the CIALE\/Universidad de Salamanca team, within the framework of the European Space Agency (ESA) CALIMAS project in preparation for the SMOS mission and during its first year of operation. Under these activities several studies were performed, ranging from Level 1 (calibration and image reconstruction) to Level 4 (land pixel disaggregation techniques, by means of data fusion with higher resolution data from optical\/infrared sensors). Validation of SMOS salinity products by means of surface drifters developed ad-hoc, and soil moisture products over the REMEDHUS site (Zamora, Spain) are also presented. Results of other preparatory activities carried out to improve the performance of eventual SMOS follow-on missions are presented, including GNSS-R to infer the sea state correction needed for improved ocean salinity retrievals and land surface parameters. Results from CALIMAS show a satisfactory performance of the MIRAS instrument, the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithms implemented in the ground data processors, and explore the limits of spatial resolution of soil moisture products using data fusion, as well as the feasibility of GNSS-R techniques for sea state determination and soil moisture monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,4]],"date-time":"2012-05-04T16:09:10Z","timestamp":1336147750000},"page":"1272-1309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Review of the CALIMAS Team Contributions to European Space Agency\u2019s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity Mission Calibration and Validation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano","family":"Camps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Font","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ignasi","family":"Corbella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Vall-Llossera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Portabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Tecnologia Marina (UTM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joaquim","family":"Ballabrera-Poy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Tecnologia Marina (UTM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Piles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Aguasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"Acevo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical & Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, 1373 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Duffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Gabarr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Gourrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Guimbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Mar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Recerca Ecol\u00f2gica i d\u2019Aplicacions Forestals, Edifici C, Campus de la UAB, E-08193Bellaterra, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4749-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justino","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Monerris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Room 147, Building 60, Clayton Campus, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}]},{"given":"Baptiste","family":"Mourre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NURC, Viale San Bartolomeo 400, I-19126 La Spezia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Nereida","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Sabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESA\/ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, Casella Postale 64, Frascati, I-00044 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Talone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Serco SpA, Via Sciadonna, 24\/26 Frascati, I-00044 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Pablos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya and IEEC\/UPC, c\/Jordi Girona 1-3, Campus Nord, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6103-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Turiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SMOS Barcelona Expert Centre, CSIC-UPC, Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat de Tecnologia Marina (UTM-CSIC), Pg. Mar\u00edtim Barceloneta 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Enric","family":"Valencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. 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