{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T20:02:56Z","timestamp":1775851376645,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]],"date-time":"2012-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) provides radiance measurements in eight visible and near-infrared bands, similar to the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS) but with higher spatial resolution. For small- to moderate-sized coastal lakes and estuaries, where the 1 \u00d7 1 km spatial resolution of SeaWiFS is inadequate, the OCM provides a good alternative because of its higher spatial resolution (240 \u00d7 360 m) and an exact repeat coverage of every two days. This paper describes a detailed step-by-step atmospheric correction procedure for OCM data applicable to coastal Case 2 waters. This development was necessary as accurate results could not be obtained for our Case 2 water study area in coastal Louisiana with OCM data by using existing atmospheric correction software packages. In addition, since OCM-retrieved radiances were abnormally low in the blue wavelength region, a vicarious calibration procedure was developed. The results of our combined vicarious calibration and atmospheric correction procedure for OCM data were compared with the results from the SeaWiFS Data Analysis System (SeaDAS) software package outputs for SeaWiFS and OCM data. For Case 1 waters, our results matched closely with SeaDAS results. For Case 2 waters, our results demonstrated closure with in situ radiometric measurements, while SeaDAS produced negative normalized water leaving radiance (nLw) and remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). In summary, our procedure resulted in valid nLw and Rrs values for Case 2 waters using OCM data, providing a reliable method for retrieving useful nLw and Rrs values which can be used to develop ocean color algorithms for in-water substances (e.g., pigments, suspended sediments, chromophoric dissolved organic matter, etc.) at relatively high spatial resolution in regions where other software packages and sensors such as SeaWiFS and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) have proven unsuccessful. The method described here can be applied to other sensors such as OCM-2 or other Case 2 water areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]],"date-time":"2012-06-08T11:25:11Z","timestamp":1339154711000},"page":"1716-1740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Atmospheric Correction and Vicarious Calibration of Oceansat-1 Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) Data in Coastal Case 2 Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Padmanava","family":"Dash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, Northern Gulf Institute, and Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eurico","family":"D\u2019Sa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherwin","family":"Ladner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Code 7331, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)89496-5","article-title":"Remote sensing estimates of inherent optical properties in a coastal environment","volume":"61","author":"Gould","year":"1997","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.004","article-title":"Estimation of cyanobacterial pigments in a freshwater lake using OCM satellite data","volume":"115","author":"Dash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2009.08.011","article-title":"Evaluating the potential risk of microcystins to blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) fisheries and human health in a eutrophic estuary","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-009-9174-8","article-title":"Nutrient limitation on phytoplankton growth in upper Barataria Basin, Louisiana: microcosm bioassays","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802562305","article-title":"Passive optical remote sensing of cyanobacteria and other intense phytoplankton blooms in coastal and inland waters","volume":"30","author":"Kutser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2","article-title":"Ocean color imaging: CZCS to SeaWiFS","volume":"27","author":"Hooker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Marine Technol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24937","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02160","article-title":"Ocean color algorithms for SeaWiFS","volume":"103","author":"Maritorena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley, M.F., Bernstein, R., Prasad, K., and Glenn, S. (2003, January 22\u201326). Oceansat\u2018s Ocean Color Monitor: An Instrument Whose Time Has Come. San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS.2003.178107"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"ISRO (2010, January 9\u201318). Oceansat-2 Meeting Global Demand. Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00080-8","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of SeaWiFS imagery of turbid coastal waters: A practical method","volume":"74","author":"Hu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1109\/36.823911","article-title":"Comparing the ocean color measurements between MOS and SeaWiFS: A vicarious intercalibration approach for MOS","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"197","article-title":"Estimation of colored dissolved organic matter and salinity fields in case 2 waters using SeaWiFS: Examples from Florida Bay and Florida Shelf","volume":"106","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Arnone, R.A., Martinolich, P., Gould, R.W., Stumpf, R.P., and Ladner, S. (1998, January 10\u201313). Coastal Optical Properties Using SeaWiFS. Kailua Kona, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"51","article-title":"A Partially Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model for Retrieval of Water-Leaving Radiance from SeaWiFS in Coastal Waters","volume":"22","author":"Hooker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Algorithm Updates for the Fourth SeaWiFS Data Processing. SeaWiFS Postlaunch Technical Report Series"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.39.003582","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean color imagery: The black pixel assumption","volume":"39","author":"Siegel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17081","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD02443","article-title":"Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era","volume":"102","author":"Gordon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.08.007","article-title":"Assessment of estuarine water-quality indicators using MODIS medium-resolution bands: Initial results from Tampa Bay, FL","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5068","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.46.005068","article-title":"Sensor-independent approach to the vicarious calibration of satellite ocean color radiometry","volume":"46","author":"Franz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Hooker, S.B., and Firestone, E.R. (2000). SeaWiFS Postlaunch Calibration and Validation Analyses, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6682","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.006682","article-title":"The calibration of SeaWiFS. I direct techniques","volume":"40","author":"Barnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6701","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.40.006701","article-title":"The calibration of SeaWiFS. II vicarious techniques","volume":"40","author":"Eplee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suresh, T., Desa, E., Mascarenhas, A., Matondkar, S.G.P., Naik, P., and Nayak, S.R. (2006, January 13\u201317). Cross Calibration of IRS-P4 OCM Satellite Sensor. Goa, India.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.694019"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.22.000020","article-title":"Phytoplankton pigment concentrations in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Comparison of ship determinations and CZCS estimates","volume":"22","author":"Gordon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.847790","article-title":"High-Resolution ocean color remote sensing of benthic habitats: A case study at the Roatan Island, Honduras","volume":"43","author":"Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.34.008363","article-title":"Remote sensing of ocean color: a methodology for dealing with broad spectral bands and significant out-of-band response","volume":"34","author":"Gordon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.8.1657","article-title":"A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres","volume":"35","author":"Gregg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.1000331","article-title":"Bandpass Solar Exoatmospheric Irradiance and Rayleigh Optical Thickness of Sensors On Board Indian Remote Sensing Satellites-1B, -1C, -1D, and P4","volume":"40","author":"Pandya","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00168069","article-title":"Light scattering in planetary atmospheres","volume":"16","author":"Hansen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Space Sci. Rev"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Toselli, F., and Bodechtel, J. (1992). Imaging Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Prospective Applications, Kluwer."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Bailey, S., and Franz, B. (2009)."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.000443","article-title":"Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical-thickness over the oceans with Seawifs\u2014A preliminary algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Mohan, M., and Chauhan, P. (2003). Atmospheric Correction for Ocean Color Remote Sensing, ISRO Scientific Report, ISRO. IRS-P4\/SATCORE\/SAC\/RESIPA\/MWRG\/SR\/22\/2003;."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Gordon, H.R., and Voss, K.J. (1999). Modis Normalized Water-Leaving Radiance Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Contract Number NAS5-31363;."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kumar, S.A. (2009). Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802468263","article-title":"An automated de-striping algorithm for Ocean Color Monitor imagery","volume":"30","author":"Lyon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.27.000862","article-title":"Exact Rayleigh scattering calculations for use with the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner","volume":"27","author":"Gordon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.15.000632","article-title":"Multiple scattered radiation emerging from Rayleigh and continental haze layers. 1: Radiance, polarization, and neural points","volume":"15","author":"Kattawar","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Wang, M.H. (2010). Atmospheric Correction for Remotely-Sensed Ocean-Colour Products, Reports of the International Ocean-Colour Coordinating Group; IOCCG."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3040684","article-title":"MERIS retrieval of water quality components in the turbid albemarle-pamlico sound estuary, USA","volume":"3","author":"Sokoletsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4040934","article-title":"A Conceptual model of surface reflectance estimation for satellite remote sensing images using in situ reference data","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020257","article-title":"Nearshore Water quality estimation using atmospherically corrected AVIRIS data","volume":"3","author":"Bagheri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/6\/1716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:43Z","timestamp":1760219443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/6\/1716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4061716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4061716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,8]]}}}