{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:34:26Z","timestamp":1760243666908,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1340928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medium Spectral Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) oxygen A band measurements were used as a proxy for the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC),to be launched on NASA\u2019s Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR). The high spatial resolution of MERIS (1 \u00d7 1 km2) is exploited to study the effects of subscale spatialheterogeneity of clouds on the cloud-top pressure retrieved at the coarser spatial resolutionof EPIC (10 \u00d7 10 km2). In general, for a sub-scale cloud fraction less than 1, a shift of cloud-top pressure toward the middle atmosphere is found, with a low-bias for highclouds and a high-bias for low clouds. In addition, the deviation is found to be a function of surface reflectance. The subscale variability of fully clouded EPIC pixels causes a weak underestimation of cloud-top pressure, when compared to averaged high-resolution retrievals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4071963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]],"date-time":"2012-06-29T11:05:28Z","timestamp":1340967928000},"page":"1963-1973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Impact of Subscale Inhomogeneity on Oxygen A Band Cloud-Top Pressure Estimates: Using ESA\u2019s MERIS as a Proxy for DSCOVR-EPIC"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Rasmus","family":"Lindstrot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Weltraumwissenschaften, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, D-12165 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Bennartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}]},{"given":"Rene","family":"Preusker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Weltraumwissenschaften, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, D-12165 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Weltraumwissenschaften, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Carl-Heinrich-Becker-Weg 6-10, D-12165 Berlin, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1080\/014311699212416","article-title":"The ESA Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer MERIS\u2014A review of the instrument and its mission","volume":"20","author":"Rast","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Rem. Sens"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bourg, L., D\u2019Alba, L., and Colagrande, P (2008). MERIS Smile Effect Characterization and Correction, European Space Agency. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3569","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ066i010p03596","article-title":"Discussion of the Letter by R. A. Hanel: Determination of cloud altitude from a satellite","volume":"66","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1985)024<0539:RSOCTP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Remote sensing of cloud-top pressure using reflected solar radiation in the oxygen A-band","volume":"24","author":"Wu","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1991)030<1245:DOCTHF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Detection of cloud-top height from backscattered radiances within the Oxygen A Band. Part 1: Theoretical study","volume":"30","author":"Fischer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1991)030<1260:DOCTHF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Detection of cloud-top height from backscattered radiances within the Oxygen A Band. Part 2: Measurements","volume":"30","author":"Fischer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1029\/98GL02324","article-title":"Apparent pressure derived from ADEOS-POLDER observations in the Oxygen A-Band over ocean","volume":"25","author":"Vanbauce","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6565","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-6565-2008","article-title":"FRESCO+: An improved O2 A-band cloud retrieval algorithm for tropospheric trace gas retrievals","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAMC2074.1","article-title":"Remote sensing of cloud-top pressure using moderately resolved measurements within the oxygen A band\u2014A sensitivity study","volume":"48","author":"Preusker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climat"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2550.1","article-title":"Toward new inferences about cloud structures from multidirectional measurements in the Oxygen A Band: Middle-of-cloud pressure and cloud geometrical thickness from POLDER-3\/PARASOL","volume":"49","author":"Ferlay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climat"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003915","article-title":"Cloud pressure retrieval using the O2-O2 absorption band at 477 nm","volume":"109","author":"Acarreta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016449","article-title":"Comparison of POLDER apparent and corrected oxygen pressure to ARM\/MMCR cloud boundary pressures","volume":"30","author":"Vanbauce","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.001032","article-title":"Radiative transfer in an atmosphere-ocean system: an azimuthally dependent matrix-operator approach","volume":"23","author":"Fischer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4073(00)00089-3","article-title":"Numerical simulation of the light field in the atmosphere-ocean system using the matrix-operator method","volume":"3","author":"Fell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2012.01.010","article-title":"Radiative transfer solutions for coupled atmosphere ocean systems using the matrix operator technique","volume":"113","author":"Hollstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2436.1","article-title":"Validation of MERIS cloud top pressure using airborne lidar measurements","volume":"45","author":"Lindstrot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor. Climat"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Preusker, R., Lindstrot, R., and Fischer, J (2010). MERIS Cloud-Top Pressure, Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD 2.3, European Space Agency. Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-163-2006","article-title":"Improving cloud information over deserts from SCIAMACHY Oxygen A-band measurements","volume":"6","author":"Fournier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1994)051<3776:IPAMCE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Independent pixel and Monte Carlo estimates of stratocumulus albedo","volume":"51","author":"Cahalan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2002)059<1641:MLAIAS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Molecular line absorption in a scattering atmosphere. Part III: Pathlength characteristics and effects of spatially heterogeneous clouds","volume":"59","author":"Heidinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D15S23","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD008694","article-title":"Three-way comparison between OMI and PARASOL cloud pressure products","volume":"113","author":"Sneep","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/7\/1963\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:51:02Z","timestamp":1760219462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/7\/1963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4071963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4071963","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,29]]}}}