{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:22:06Z","timestamp":1770038526634,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The decline of biodiversity is one of the major current global issues. Still, there is a widespread lack of information about the spatial distribution of individual species and biodiversity as a whole. Remote sensing techniques are increasingly used for biodiversity monitoring and especially the combination of LiDAR and hyperspectral data is expected to deliver valuable information. In this study spatial patterns of vascular plant community composition and \u03b1-diversity of a temperate montane forest in Germany were analysed for different forest strata. The predictive power of LiDAR (LiD) and hyperspectral (MNF) datasets alone and combined (MNF+LiD) was compared using random forest regression in a ten-fold cross-validation scheme that included feature selection and model tuning. The final models were used for spatial predictions. Species richness could be predicted with varying accuracy (R2 = 0.26 to 0.55) depending on the forest layer. In contrast, community composition of the different layers, obtained by multivariate ordination, could in part be modelled with high accuracies for the first ordination axis (R2 = 0.39 to 0.78), but poor accuracies for the second axis (R2 \u2264 0.3). LiDAR variables were the best predictors for total species richness across all forest layers (R2 LiD = 0.3, R2 MNF = 0.08, R2 MNF+LiD = 0.2), while for community composition across all forest layers both hyperspectral and LiDAR predictors achieved similar performances (R2 LiD = 0.75, R2 MNF = 0.76, R2 MNF+LiD = 0.78). The improvement in R2 was small (\u22640.07)\u2014if any\u2014when using both LiDAR and hyperspectral data as compared to using only the best single predictor set. This study shows the high potential of LiDAR and hyperspectral data for plant biodiversity modelling, but also calls for a critical evaluation of the added value of combining both with respect to acquisition costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]],"date-time":"2012-09-21T11:19:19Z","timestamp":1348226359000},"page":"2818-2845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Modelling Forest \u03b1-Diversity and Floristic Composition \u2014 On the Added Value of LiDAR plus Hyperspectral Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Benjamin F.","family":"Leutner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Change Ecology, Universities of Bayreuth, W\u00fcrzburg & Augsburg, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, University of W\u00fcrzburg, D-97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Reineking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogeographical Modelling, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bavarian Forest National Park, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany"},{"name":"Terrestrial Ecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, D-85354 Freising, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Centre, German Aerospace Centre DLR, D-82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6456-4628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Beierkuhnlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biogeography, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, University of W\u00fcrzburg, D-97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Centre, German Aerospace Centre DLR, D-82234 Wessling, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Wegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing, University of W\u00fcrzburg, D-97074 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Centre, German Aerospace Centre DLR, D-82234 Wessling, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1890\/070195","article-title":"Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real-world ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. 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