{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T19:33:10Z","timestamp":1770838390560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1348531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The introduction of Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) to forests has been revolutionary during the last decade. This development was facilitated by combining earlier ranging lidar discoveries [1\u20135], with experience obtained from full-waveform ranging radar [6,7] to new airborne laser scanning systems which had components such as a GNSS receiver (Global Navigation Satellite System), IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) and a scanning mechanism. Since the first commercial ALS in 1994, new ALS-based forest inventory approaches have been reported feasible for operational activities [8\u201312]. ALS is currently operationally applied for stand level forest inventories, for example, in Nordic countries. In Finland alone, the adoption of ALS for forest data collection has led to an annual savings of around 20 M\u20ac\/year, and the work is mainly done by companies instead of governmental organizations. In spite of the long implementation times and there being a limited tradition of making changes in the forest sector, laser scanning was commercially and operationally applied after about only one decade of research. When analyzing high-ranked journal papers from ISI Web of Science, the topic of laser scanning of forests has been the driving force for the whole laser scanning research society over the last decade. Thus, the topic \u201claser scanning in forests\u201d has provided a significant industrial, societal and scientific impact. [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4102919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]],"date-time":"2012-09-25T20:54:33Z","timestamp":1348606473000},"page":"2919-2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Laser Scanning in Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Juha","family":"Hyypp\u00e4","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geodetic Institute, FI-02431 Masala, Finland"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Holopainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-901 83 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Laser aerial profiling of a forest. Lew. NIILKh. Leningrad (in Russian)","volume":"10","author":"Solodukhin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Lesnoe Khozyaistvo"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(84)90031-2","article-title":"Determining forest canopy characteristics using airborne laser data","volume":"15","author":"Nelson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948427","article-title":"Automated measurements of terrain reflection and height variations using airborne infrared laser system","volume":"6","author":"Schreier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90028-4","article-title":"Estimating forest biomass and volume using airborne laser data","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"297","article-title":"Nadir looking airborne radar and possible applications to forestry","volume":"21","author":"Bernard","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Hyypp\u00e4, J. (1993). Development and Feasibility of Airborne Ranging Radar for Forest Assessment, Ph.D. Thesis, Laboratory of Space Technology, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(97)83000-6","article-title":"Determination of mean tree height of forest stands using airborne laser scanner data","volume":"52","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"27","article-title":"Detecting and estimating attributes for single trees using laser scanner","volume":"16","author":"Inkinen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Photogramm. J. Fin"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"925","article-title":"Detecting and measuring individual trees using an airborne laser scanner","volume":"68","author":"Persson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00290-5","article-title":"Predicting forest stand characteristics with airborne scanning laser using a practical two-stage procedure and field data","volume":"80","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpl007","article-title":"Estimation of stem volume using laser scanning-based canopy height metrics","volume":"79","author":"Maltamo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051190","article-title":"Advances in forest inventory using airborne laser scanning","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4041004","article-title":"Comparison of methods for estimation of stem volume, stem number and basal area from airborne laser scanning data in a hemi-boreal forest","volume":"4","author":"Lindberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4040950","article-title":"An international comparison of individual tree detection and extraction using airborne laser scanning","volume":"4","author":"Kaartinen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030682","article-title":"Extracting more data from lidar in forested areas by analyzing waveform shape","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4020377","article-title":"Tree species detection accuracies using discrete point lidar and airborne waveform lidar","volume":"4","author":"Vaughn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4020484","article-title":"Estimating biophysical parameters of individual trees in an urban environment using small footprint discrete-return imaging lidar","volume":"4","author":"Shrestha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030762","article-title":"Forest delineation based on airborne lidar data","volume":"4","author":"Eysn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4040830","article-title":"Lidar sampling density for forest resource inventories in Ontario, Canada","volume":"4","author":"Treitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061494","article-title":"Application of semi-automated filter to improve waveform lidar sub-canopy elevation model","volume":"4","author":"Fricker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4020509","article-title":"Recovery of forest canopy parameters by inversion of multispectral LiDAR data","volume":"4","author":"Wallace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3081691","article-title":"Deriving fuel mass by size class in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"3","author":"Seielstad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3091957","article-title":"ICESat\/GLAS data as a measurement tool for peatland topography and peat swamp forest biomass in Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"3","author":"Ballhorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4082210","article-title":"Influence of surface topography on ICESat\/GLAS forest height estimation and waveform shape","volume":"4","author":"Hilbert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061758","article-title":"Combined use of airborne lidar and DBInSAR data to estimate LAI in temperate mixed forests","volume":"4","author":"Peduzzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/10\/2919\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:32Z","timestamp":1760219552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/10\/2919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4102919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4102919","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,25]]}}}