{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T07:33:07Z","timestamp":1766820787810,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]],"date-time":"2012-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1349049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report here on the observation and offline detection of the weak tsunamis generated by earthquakes near Indonesia on 11 April 2012 using radar systems and tide gauges on the coasts of Sumatra and the Andaman Islands. This work extends the previous observations of the much stronger 2011 Japan tsunami. The distance offshore at which the tsunami can be detected, and hence the warning time provided, depends primarily on the bathymetry: the wider the shallow continental shelf, the greater this time. The weak Indonesia tsunamis were detected successfully in spite of the narrow shallow-water shelf offshore from the radar systems. Larger tsunamis could obviously be detected further from the coast. This paper provides further confirmation that radar is an important tool to aid in tsunami observation and warning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4102944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,2]],"date-time":"2012-10-02T02:39:08Z","timestamp":1349145548000},"page":"2944-2956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["High Frequency (HF) Radar Detection of the Weak 2012 Indonesian Tsunamis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Belinda","family":"Lipa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 125 La Sandra Way, Portola Valley, CA 94028, USA"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Barrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 1914 Plymouth St., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Subandono","family":"Diposaptono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Gedung Mina Bahari III Lt. 9 Jln. Medan Merdeka Timur No. 16, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 5 Sunset Trail, Sunset Valley, TX 78745, USA"}]},{"given":"Basanta Kumar","family":"Jena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Ocean Technology, Velachery-Tambaram Main Road, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Nyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Codar Ocean Sensors, 1914 Plymouth St., Mountain View, CA 94043, USA"}]},{"given":"Kuppili","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, \u201cOcean Valley\u201d, Paragathi Nagar (BO), Nizampet (SO), Hyderabad 500090, India"}]},{"given":"T. Srinivasa","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, \u201cOcean Valley\u201d, Paragathi Nagar (BO), Nizampet (SO), Hyderabad 500090, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"371","article-title":"Tsunami Forecasting","volume":"15","author":"Titov","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Sea"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04609","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032250","article-title":"Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for US coastlines","volume":"35","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-004-2403-3","article-title":"Real-time tsunami forecasting: Challenges and solutions","volume":"35","author":"Titov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Natural Hazards"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3081663","article-title":"Japan tsunami current flows observed by HF radars on two continents","volume":"3","author":"Lipa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2011.08.009","article-title":"Propagating tsunami wave and subsequent resonant response signals detected by HF radar in the Kii Channel, Japan","volume":"95","author":"Hirofumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C10020","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JC002959","article-title":"HF radar observations of surface circulation off Bodega Bay northern California, USA","volume":"110","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2006.07.012","article-title":"HF-radar-derived origin and destination of surface waters off Bodega Bay","volume":"53","author":"Kaplan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Deep Sea Res. II"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90034-8","article-title":"A coastal radar system for tsunami warning","volume":"8","author":"Barrick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-006-0088-9","article-title":"HF radar detection of tsunamis","volume":"2","author":"Lipa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6347","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802175371","article-title":"Tsunami observations by coastal ocean radar","volume":"29","author":"Heron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10236-011-0420-9","article-title":"Simulation and detection of tsunami signatures in ocean surface currents measured by HF radar","volume":"61","author":"Gurgel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Dyn"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4051448","article-title":"Tsunami arrival detection with High Frequency (HF) radar","volume":"4","author":"Lipa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.codar.com\/SeaSonde.shtml (accessed on 28 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Barrick, D., Lipa, B., and Whelan, C. (May, January 21\u2013). Bathymetric Influence on Tsunami Spatial\/Temporal Patterns in HF Radar Currents. Yeosu, Korea."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/10\/2944\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:52:40Z","timestamp":1760219560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/10\/2944"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4102944"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4102944","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,1]]}}}