{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:13:37Z","timestamp":1768436017870,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To estimate global gross primary production (GPP), which is an important parameter for studies of vegetation productivity and the carbon cycle, satellite data are useful. In 2014, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) plans to launch the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate (GCOM-C) satellite carrying the second-generation global imager (SGLI). The data obtained will be used to estimate global GPP. The rate of photosynthesis depends on photosynthesis reduction and photosynthetic capacity, which is the maximum photosynthetic velocity at light saturation under adequate environmental conditions. Photosynthesis reduction is influenced by weather conditions, and photosynthetic capacity is influenced by chlorophyll and RuBisCo content. To develop the GPP estimation algorithm, we focus on photosynthetic capacity because chlorophyll content can be detected by optical sensors. We hypothesized that the maximum rate of low-stress GPP (called \u201cGPP capacity\u201d) is mainly dependent on the chlorophyll content that can be detected by a vegetation index (VI). The objective of this study was to select an appropriate VI with which to estimate global GPP capacity with the GCOM-C\/SGLI. We analyzed reflectance data to select the VI that has the best linear correlation with chlorophyll content at the leaf scale and with GPP capacity at canopy and satellite scales. At the satellite scale, flux data of seven dominant plant functional types and reflectance data obtained by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used because SGLI data were not available. The results indicated that the green chlorophyll index, CIgreen(\u03c1NIR\/\u03c1green-1), had a strong linear correlation with chlorophyll content at the leaf scale (R2 = 0.87, p &lt; 0.001) and with GPP capacity at the canopy (R2 = 0.78, p &lt; 0.001) and satellite scales (R2 = 0.72, p &lt; 0.01). Therefore, CIgreen is a robust and suitable vegetation index for estimating global GPP capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4123689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]],"date-time":"2012-11-23T11:11:54Z","timestamp":1353669114000},"page":"3689-3720","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Vegetation Index to Estimate Terrestrial Gross Primary Production Capacity for the Global Change Observation Mission-Climate (GCOM-C)\/Second-Generation Global Imager (SGLI) Satellite Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Juthasinee","family":"Thanyapraneedkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyousei Science Center for Life and Nature, Kita-uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kanako","family":"Muramatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kyousei Science Center for Life and Nature, Kita-uoya, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan"}]},{"given":"Motomasa","family":"Daigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, Doshisha University, Kyoto 602-8580, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shinobu","family":"Furumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Department of Childcare and Education, Nara Saho College, Nara 630-8425, Japan"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Soyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Research and Development of Liberal arts Education, Tenri University, Nara 632-0032, Japan"}]},{"given":"Kenlo Nishida","family":"Nasahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Muraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Basin Ecosystem Studies, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}]},{"given":"Hibiki M.","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life and Environment Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan"}]},{"given":"Shin","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8561, Japan"}]},{"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Mano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Mizoguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hokkaido 062-8516, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1192666","article-title":"Drought-induced reduction in global terrestrial net primary production from 2000 through 2009","volume":"329","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Tanaka, K., Okamura, Y., Amano, T., Hiramatsu, M., and Shiratama, K. (September, January 31). Development status if the Second-generation Global Imager (SGLI) On GCOM-C1. Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.2307\/2401901","article-title":"Solar radiation and production in tropical ecosystems","volume":"9","author":"Monteith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.853936","article-title":"Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using tower eddy flux network observations","volume":"44","author":"Heinsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.012","article-title":"Remote sensing of canopy light use efficiency in temperate and boreal forests of North America using MODIS imagery","volume":"118","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2010.60.10.5","article-title":"Estimation of light-use efficiency of terrestrial ecosystems from space: A status report","volume":"60","author":"Coops","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1029\/93GB02725","article-title":"Terrestrial ecosystem production: A process model based on global satellite and surface data","volume":"7","author":"Potter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1999.00009.x","article-title":"Participants of the Potsdam NPP Model Intercomparison. Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary production (NPP): Overview and key results","volume":"5","author":"Cramer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production","volume":"54","author":"Running","year":"2004","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.05.014","article-title":"Comparing terrestrial carbon fluxes from the scale of a flux tower to the global scale","volume":"208","author":"Sasai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1184984","article-title":"Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate","volume":"329","author":"Beer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-2001-2009","article-title":"Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model","volume":"6","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeoeciences"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.06.023","article-title":"Evaluating spatial and temporal patterns of MODIS GPP over the conterminous U.S. against flux measurements and a process model","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(99)00156-8","article-title":"Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB4017","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GB004053","article-title":"Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales","volume":"25","author":"Ryu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.08.013","article-title":"Photosynthetic and structural characteristics of canopy and shrub trees in a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaved forest: Implication to the ecosystem carbon gain","volume":"134","author":"Muraoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-009-0270-4","article-title":"Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index on gross primary production of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Takayama, Japan","volume":"123","author":"Muraoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plant Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.10.002","article-title":"Intercomparison of a \u2018bottom-up\u2019 and \u2018top-down\u2019 modelling paradigm for estimating carbon and energy fluxes over a variety of vegetative regimes across the U.S.","volume":"149","author":"Houborg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4726","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD003430","article-title":"Inverse modeling of seasonal drought effects on canopy CO2\/H2O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems","volume":"108","author":"Reichstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1626\/jcs.55.433","article-title":"A spectroradiometer for field use: 6. Radiometric estimation for chlorophyll index of rice canopy","volume":"55","author":"Shibayama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Crop Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050337","article-title":"The photochemical reflectance index: an optical indicator of photosynthetic radiation use efficiency across species, functional types and nutrient levels","volume":"112","author":"Gamon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.011","article-title":"Normalized difference spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic efficiency and capacity at a canopy scale derived from hyperspectral and CO2 flux measurements in rice","volume":"112","author":"Inoue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(93)06963-4","article-title":"Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll-a using reflectance spectra: Experiments with autumn chestnut and maple leaves","volume":"22","author":"Gitelson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(96)80284-7","article-title":"Signature analysis of leaf reflectance spectra: Algorithm development for remote sensing of chlorophyll","volume":"148","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217558","article-title":"Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves","volume":"18","author":"Gitelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1078\/0176-1617-00887","article-title":"Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves","volume":"160","author":"Gitelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016450","article-title":"Remote estimation of leaf area index and green leaf biomass in maize canopies","volume":"30","author":"Gitelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L08403","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022688","article-title":"Remote estimation of canopy chlorophyll content in crops","volume":"32","author":"Gitelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.01.020","article-title":"Parallel adjustments in vegetation greenness and ecosystem CO2 exchange in response to drought in a Southern California chaparral ecosystem","volume":"103","author":"Sims","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168308948546","article-title":"The red edge of plant leaf reflectance","volume":"4","author":"Horler","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Dash, J., and Curran, P.J. (2003, January 10\u201313). MTCI: The MERIS Teresrial Chlorophyll Index. Frascati, Italy."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00018-4","article-title":"Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture","volume":"81","author":"Haboudane","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","article-title":"A soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI)","volume":"25","author":"Huete","year":"1988","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(95)00186-7","article-title":"Optimization of soil-adjusted vegetation indices","volume":"55","author":"Rondeaux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(00)00113-9","article-title":"Estimating corn leaf chlorophyll concentration from leaf and canopy reflectance","volume":"74","author":"Daughtry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.03.005","article-title":"Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: Modeling and validation","volume":"148","author":"Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D08S11","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006017","article-title":"Relationship between gross primary production and chlorophyll content in crops: Implications for the synoptic monitoring of vegetation productivity","volume":"111","author":"Gitelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.12.007","article-title":"Remote estimation of gross primary production in wheat using chlorophyll-related vegetation indices","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003614382","article-title":"Nondestructive estimation of canopy chlorophyll content using Hyperion and Landsat\/TM images","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2011.08.018","article-title":"The potential of the satellite derived green chlorophyll index for estimating midday light use efficiency in maize, coniferous forest and grassland","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.02.017","article-title":"Remote estimation of crop gross primary production with Landsat data","volume":"121","author":"Gitelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.08.006","article-title":"Predicting gross primary production from the enhanced vegetation index and photosynthetically active radiation: Evaluation and calibration","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y.A. Study on Algorithm for Estimation of Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production using Satellite Sensor Data. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Division of Integrated Sciences, Nara Women\u2019s University, Nara, Japan, 2005.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.654882"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"47","article-title":"Establishment of an Algorithm to Estimate Vegetation Photosynthesis by Pattern Decomposition Using Multi-Spectral Data","volume":"25","author":"Furumi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. Soc. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"114","article-title":"Estimation and Validation of Net Primary Production of Vegetation using ADEOS-II\/GLI data Global Mosaic and 250-m Spatial Resolution Data","volume":"29","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. Soc. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.12.009","article-title":"Assessment of canopy photosynthetic capacity and estimation of GPP by using spectral vegetation indices and the light\u2013response function in a larch forest","volume":"150","author":"Ide","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90102-P","article-title":"Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. III. A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme","volume":"42","author":"Sellers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Taiz, L., and Zeiger, E (2006). Plant Physiology, Sinauer Associates, Inc. [4th ed.]. Chapter 8."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Jones, H.G., and Vaugha, R.A. (2010). Remote Sensing of Vegetation: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Oxford University Press. Chapter 7."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(96)00072-7","article-title":"Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS","volume":"58","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-009-0663-9","article-title":"What makes the satellite-based EVI\u2013GPP relationship unclear in a deciduous broad-leaved forest?","volume":"25","author":"Nagai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Res"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lambers, H., Chapin, FS, and Pons, TL. (2008). Plant Physiological Ecology, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78341-3"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"9","article-title":"Changes in the number and size of chloroplasts during senescence of primary leaves of wheat grown under different conditions","volume":"36","author":"Ono","year":"1995","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3040.2003.00981.x","article-title":"Does the photosynthetic light-acclimation need change in leaf anatomy?","volume":"26","author":"Oguchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Rouse, J.W., Haas, R.H., Deering, D.W., and Schell, J.A. (1974). Monitoring the Vernal Advancement and Retro Gradation (Green Wave Effect) of Natural Vegetation, Remote Sensing Center, Texas A&M University. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(79)90013-0","article-title":"Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation","volume":"8","author":"Tucker","year":"1979","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2307\/1936256","article-title":"Derivation of leaf area index from quality of light on the forest floor","volume":"50","author":"Jordan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"17","article-title":"Relation between vegetation vigor and a new vegetation index based on pattern decomposition method","volume":"18","author":"Furumi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. Soc. Jpn"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"9","article-title":"Phenological Eyes Network (PEN): A validation network for remote sensing of the terrestrial ecosystems","volume":"21","author":"Nishida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Asia-Flux Newsletter"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Bonan, G (1996). A Land Surface Model (LSM version 1.0) for Ecological, Hydrological, and Atmospheric Studies: Technical Description and User\u2019s Guide, NCAR."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Available online: http:\/\/www.ffpri.affrc.go.jp\/labs\/flux\/index.html (accessed on 14 November 2012)."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"The NASA-developed Earth Observing System (EOS) Clearinghouse (ECHO) Available online: http:\/\/reverb.echo.nasa.gov\/reverb\/#utf8=%E2%9C%93&spatial_map=satellite&spatial_type=rectangle (accessed on 14 November 2012)."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x","article-title":"On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm","volume":"11","author":"Reichstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00228-8","article-title":"A spectral analysis of biosphere\u2013atmosphere trace gas flux densities and meteorological variables across hour to multi-year time scales","volume":"107","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s004680050177","article-title":"Factors determining the midday depression of photosynthesis in trees under monsoon climate","volume":"12","author":"Pathre","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pessarakli, M (2005). Handbook of Photosynthesis, CRC Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420027877"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1977.00021962006900050017x","article-title":"Leaf reflectance vs. leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations for eight crops","volume":"69","author":"Thomas","year":"1977","journal-title":"Agron. J"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(92)90089-3","article-title":"Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS): An algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoids in soybean leaves","volume":"39","author":"Chappelle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.0800395","article-title":"Nondestructive estimation of anthocyanins and chlorophylls in anthocyanic leaves","volume":"96","author":"Gitelson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00046-7","article-title":"Remote sensing of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a+b, and total carotenoid content in Eucalyptus leaves","volume":"66","author":"Datt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169308904370","article-title":"In vivo spectroscopy and internal optics of leaves as a basis for remote sensing of vegetation","volume":"14","author":"Buschman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(99)80314-9","article-title":"A new reflectance index for remote sensing of chlorophyll content in higher plants: Tests using Eucalyptus leaves","volume":"154","author":"Datt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90061-2","article-title":"The normalized difference vegetation index of small Douglas-fir canopies with varying chlorophyll concentrations","volume":"49","author":"Yoder","year":"1994","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-822X.2005.00151.x","article-title":"Integration of CO2 flux and remotely-sensed data for primary production and ecosystem respiration analyses in the Northern Great Plains: Potential for quantitative spatial extrapolation","volume":"14","author":"Gilmanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.12.006","article-title":"Temporal and spatial variations in the seasonal patterns of CO2 flux in boreal, temperate, and tropical forests in East Asia","volume":"148","author":"Saigusa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-585-2009","article-title":"An empirical model simulating diurnal and seasonal CO2 flux for diverse vegetation types and climate conditions","volume":"6","author":"Saito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1626\/jcs.44.343","article-title":"An improvement of semiempirical method for estimating the total photosynthesis of the crop population: I. On light-photosynthesis curve of rice leaves (in Japanese)","volume":"44","author":"Takeda","year":"1975","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Crop Sci"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2504(08)60063-X","article-title":"CO2 fluxes over plant canopies and solar radiation: a review","volume":"26","author":"Ruimy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.874796","article-title":"Light absorption by leaf chlorophyll and maximum light use efficiency","volume":"44","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01326.x","article-title":"Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions","volume":"13","author":"Owen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Global Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L19404","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024127","article-title":"Potential of MODIS EVI and surface temperature for directly estimating per-pixel ecosystem C fluxes","volume":"32","author":"Rahman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.008","article-title":"Satellite-based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needle leaf forest","volume":"89","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.010","article-title":"Modeling gross primary production of temperate deciduous broadleaf forest using satellite images and climate data","volume":"91","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06405","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025583","article-title":"Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season","volume":"33","author":"Huete","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Stoy, P (2010). Personal Communication."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Aguilos, M.M., Gamo, M., and Maeda, T (2007). Carbon budget of some tropical and temperate forest. Asia-Flux Newsletter, 18\u201322."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.01.012","article-title":"Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia","volume":"148","author":"Huete","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"73","article-title":"Characteristics of CO2 fluxes in cool-temperate coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forests in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Ohtani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phyton"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4010303","article-title":"Exploring simple algorithms for estimating gross primary production in forested areas from satellite data","volume":"4","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB1019","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GB003996","article-title":"Effects of foliage clumping on the estimation of global terrestrial gross primary productivity","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Thanyapraneedkul, J., Muramatsu, K., Daigo, M., Furumi, S., and Soyama, N (2010, January 9\u201312). Improvement of Terrestrial GPP Estimation Algorithms Using Satellite and Flux Data. Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.08.016","article-title":"Inter-annual variability of carbon budget components in an AsiaFlux forest site estimated by long-term flux measurements","volume":"134","author":"Saigusa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2005.10.007","article-title":"Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange in rice paddy field in Japan","volume":"135","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10310-011-0307-0","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variation in net ecosystem production of an evergreen needleleaf forest in Japan","volume":"17","author":"Mizoguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Forest Res"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1388-z","article-title":"Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm temperate grassland","volume":"138","author":"Novick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.07.005","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange of a temperate larch forest","volume":"147","author":"Hirata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.11.016","article-title":"Spatial distribution of carbon balance in forest ecosystems across East Asia","volume":"148","author":"Hirata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Forest Meteorol"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/12\/3689\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:53:47Z","timestamp":1760219627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/4\/12\/3689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs4123689"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs4123689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,23]]}}}