{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T01:50:05Z","timestamp":1772589005119,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mesoscale regional climate models (RCMs), the primary tool for climate predictions, have recently increased in sophistication and are being run at increasingly higher resolutions to be also used in climate impact studies on ecosystems, particularly in agricultural crops. As satellite remote sensing observations of the earth terrestrial surface become available for assimilation in RCMs, it is possible to incorporate complex land surface processes, such as dynamics of state variables for hydrologic, agricultural and ecologic systems at the smaller scales. This study focuses on parameterization of vegetation characteristics specifically designed for high resolution RCM applications using various remote sensing products, such as Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Syst\u00e8me Pour l\u2019Observation de la Terre-VEGETATION (SPOT-VGT) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The primary vegetative parameters, such as land surface characteristics (LCC), fractional vegetation cover (FVC), leaf area index (LAI) and surface albedo localization factors (SALF), are currently presented over the Nakdong River Watershed domain, Korea, based on 1-km remote sensing satellite data by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) software application tools. For future high resolution RCM modeling efforts on climate-crop interactions, this study has constructed the deriving parameters, such as FVC and SALF, following the existing methods and proposed the new interpolation methods to fill missing data with combining the regression equation and the time series trend function for time-variant parameters, such as LAI and NDVI data at 1-km scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]],"date-time":"2013-01-24T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1359026953000},"page":"473-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parameterization of High Resolution Vegetation Characteristics using Remote Sensing Products for the Nakdong River Watershed, Korea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hyun Il","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Yeungnam University, 214-1 Dae-dong, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do 712-749, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6335","DOI":"10.1029\/98JD02072","article-title":"Introduction to special section: Regional climate modeling revisited","volume":"104","author":"Giorgi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001). Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge University Press. IPCC:."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"89","article-title":"Regional climate research","volume":"84","author":"Leung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1117\/12.505670","article-title":"Remote sensing and modeling the dynamics of soil moisture and vegetative cover of arid and semiarid areas","volume":"5153","author":"Zhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"The Weather Research & Forecasting Model. Available online: http:\/\/www.wrf-model.org\/ (accessed on 16 August 2012)."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<0569:CAALSH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn. State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity","volume":"129","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3440.1","article-title":"Conservative split-explicit time integration methods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equations","volume":"135","author":"Klemp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L24208","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021054","article-title":"Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States","volume":"31","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00180.1","article-title":"Regional climate-weather research and forecasting model","volume":"93","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-84-8-1013","article-title":"The common land model","volume":"84","author":"Dai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(03)00029-8","article-title":"The versatile integrator of surface and atmosphere processes (VISA) Part II: Evaluation of three topography based runoff schemes","volume":"38","author":"Niu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21106","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006111","article-title":"A simple TOPMODEL-based runoff parameterization (SIMTOP) for use in GCMs","volume":"110","author":"Niu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Liang, X.-Z., Xu, M., Zhu, J., Kunkel, K.E., and Wang, J.X.L. (2005, January 27\u201330). Development of the Regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting Model (CWRF): Treatment of Topography. Boulder, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM538.1","article-title":"Effects of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff and soil water storage at a continental scale","volume":"7","author":"Niu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM540.1","article-title":"Simulation of global land surface conditions from 1948 to 2004: Part I: Forcing data and evaluations","volume":"7","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W04414","DOI":"10.1029\/2006WR005134","article-title":"Three-dimensional volume-averaged soil moisture transport model with a scalable parameterization of subgrid topographic variability","volume":"43","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D07103","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007522","article-title":"Development of a simple groundwater model for use in climate models and evaluation with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment data","volume":"112","author":"Niu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G01023","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JG000168","article-title":"Representing a new MODIS consistent land surface in the Community Land Model (CLM3.0)","volume":"112","author":"Lawrence","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM596.1","article-title":"The partitioning of evapotranspiration into transpiration, soil evaporation, and canopy evaporation in a GCM: Impacts on land-atmosphere interaction","volume":"8","author":"Lawrence","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G01021","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JG000563","article-title":"Improvements to the community land model and their impact on the hydrological cycle","volume":"113","author":"Oleson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JHM1221.1","article-title":"Improved terrestrial hydrologic representation in mesoscale land surface models","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-011-1276-8","article-title":"Implementation of a topographically controlled runoff scheme for land surface parameterizations in regional climate models","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civ. Eng"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/EI151.1","article-title":"Surface boundary conditions for mesoscale regional climate models","volume":"9","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Interact"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11107","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005579","article-title":"Development of land surface albedo parameterization bases on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data","volume":"110","author":"Liang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"331","article-title":"Construction of surface boundary conditions for regional climate modeling in China by using the remote sensing data","volume":"5884","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6728","DOI":"10.3390\/s110706728","article-title":"Use of sensor imagery data for surface boundary conditions in regional climate modeling","volume":"11","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2000)039<0826:DAEOGK>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Derivation and evaluation of global 1-km fractional vegetation cover data for land modeling","volume":"39","author":"Zeng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Belward, A.S. (1996). The IGBP\u2013DIS Global 1 km Land Cover Data Set (DISCover): Proposal and Implementation Plans, IGBP\u2013DIS Office. IGBP\u2013DIS Working Paper No. 13."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210191","article-title":"Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data","volume":"21","author":"Loveland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/edc2.usgs.gov\/glcc\/glcc.php (accessed on 28 June 2008)."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.860205","article-title":"Evaluation of the consistency of long-term NDVI time series derived from AVHRR, SPOT-vegetation, SeaWiFS, MODIS, and Landsat ETM+ sensors","volume":"44","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2007.909948","article-title":"Extending the SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI time series (1998\u20132006) back in time with NOAA-AVHRR data (1985\u20131998) for Southern Africa","volume":"46","author":"Swinnen","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/free.vgt.vito.be (accessed on 1 April 1998)."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698215333","article-title":"The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA\/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models","volume":"19","author":"Gutman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/lpdaac.usgs.gov\/get_data (accessed on 10 November 2011)."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00094-4","article-title":"Retrieval of leaf area index in different vegetation types using high resolution satellite data","volume":"86","author":"Colombo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Lu, L., Li, X., Ma, M.G., Che, T., Huang, C.L., Veroustraete, F., Dong, Q.H., Ceulemans, R., and Bogaert, J (September, January 20\u2013). Investigating Relationship between Landsat ETM+ Data and LAI in a Semiarid Grassland of Northwest China. Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1890\/03-5354","article-title":"Optical instruments for measuring leaf area index in low vegetation: application in arctic ecosystems","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[2765:MTEOPV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Modeling the effect of photosynthetic vegetation properties on the NDVI-LAI relationship","volume":"87","author":"Steltzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-007-0369-2","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between NDVI and LAI in semiarid grassland in Inner Mongolia using in-situ measurements","volume":"95","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2112584","article-title":"Geostatistics for mapping leaf area index over a cropland landscape: Efficiency sampling assessment","volume":"2","author":"Martinez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2002)015<1832:COTCLM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Coupling of the common land model to the NCAR community climate model","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1366:ACSOTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions","volume":"34","author":"Charney","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4","article-title":"Land surface processes and climate-surface albedos and energy balance","volume":"25","author":"Dickinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Adv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Houghton, J (1984). The Sensitivity of Numerically Simulated Climates to Land-Surface Conditions, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948283","article-title":"Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis and transpiration","volume":"6","author":"Sellers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/2\/473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:31Z","timestamp":1760219071000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/2\/473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5020473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5020473","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,24]]}}}