{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T01:39:44Z","timestamp":1772588384964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Remote detection of non-native invasive plant species using geospatial imagery may significantly improve monitoring, planning and management practices by eliminating shortfalls, such as observer bias and accessibility involved in ground-based surveys. The use of remote sensing for accurate mapping invasion extent and pattern offers several advantages, including repeatability, large area coverage, complete instead of sub-sampled assessments and greater cost-effectiveness over ground-based methods. It is critical for locating, early mapping and controlling small infestations before they reach economically prohibitive or ecologically significant levels over larger land areas. This study was designed to explore the ability of hyperspectral imagery for mapping infestation of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) on a native grassland during the preflowering stage in mid-April and during the peak flowering stage in mid-June using the support vector machine classifier and to assess and compare the resulting mapping accuracy for these two distinctive phenological stages. Accuracy assessment revealed that the overall accuracies were 79% and 91% for the classified images at preflowering and peak flowering stages, respectively. These results indicate that repeated detection of the infestation extent, as well as infestation severity or intensity, of this noxious weed in a spatial and temporal context is possible using hyperspectral remote sensing imagery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]],"date-time":"2013-01-29T11:55:49Z","timestamp":1359460549000},"page":"612-630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Remote Distinction of A Noxious Weed (Musk Thistle: CarduusNutans) Using Airborne Hyperspectral Imagery and the Support Vector Machine Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Mirik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 11708 Highway 70 S., Vernon, TX 76385, USA"}]},{"given":"R. James","family":"Ansley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 11708 Highway 70 S., Vernon, TX 76385, USA"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Steddom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Overton, TX 75684, USA"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Hood ITAM, DPTMS Range Division, Fort Hood, TX 76544, USA"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Rush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W., Amarillo, TX 79012, USA"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Gerald","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W., Amarillo, TX 79012, USA"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Laboratory, 1301 N. Western St., Stillwater, OK 74075, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1006\/bcon.2001.0940","article-title":"Classical biological control of nodding and plumeless thistles","volume":"21","author":"Kok","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2111\/05-106R2.1","article-title":"Estimating biophysical characteristics of musk thistle (Carduus nutans) with three remote sensing instruments","volume":"59","author":"Mirik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rangeland Ecol. Manage"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-011-0816-5","article-title":"Tolerance of two invasive thistles to repeated disturbance","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. 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