{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:20:45Z","timestamp":1775197245603,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this paper is to estimate the water balance in a semi-arid environment with limited in situ data using a remote sensing approach. We focus on the Lake Manyara catchment, located within the East African Rift of northern Tanzania. We use a distributed conceptual hydrological model driven by remote sensing data to study the spatial and temporal variability of water balance parameters within the catchment. Satellite gravimetry GRACE data is used to verify the trends of the inferred lake level changes. The results show that the lake undergoes high spatial and temporal variations, characteristic of a semi-arid climate with high evaporation and low rainfall. We observe that the Lake Manyara water balance and GRACE equivalent water depth show comparable trends; a decrease after 2002 followed by a sharp increase in 2006\u20132007. Our modeling confirms the importance of the 2006\u20132007 Indian Ocean Dipole fluctuation in replenishing the groundwater reservoirs of East Africa. We thus demonstrate that water balance modeling can be performed successfully using remote sensing data even in complex climatic settings. Despite the small size of Lake Manyara, GRACE data showed great potential for hydrological research on smaller un-gauged lakes and catchments in similar semi-arid environments worldwide. The water balance information can be used for further analysis of lake variations in relation to soil erosion, climate and land cover\/land use change as well as different lake management and conservation scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]],"date-time":"2013-04-02T12:52:56Z","timestamp":1364907176000},"page":"1651-1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Water Balance Modeling in a Semi-Arid Environment with Limited in situ Data Using Remote Sensing in Lake Manyara, East African Rift, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1370-4691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothea","family":"Deus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Group, Institute of Geology, Faculty of Geosciences, Geoengineering and Mining, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (TUBAF), Bernhard-von-Cotta Str. 2,  D-09596 Freiberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Geomatics, School of Geospatial Sciences and Technology (SGST), Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4383-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Gloaguen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Remote Sensing Group, Institute of Geology, Faculty of Geosciences, Geoengineering and Mining, Freiberg University of Mining and Technology (TUBAF), Bernhard-von-Cotta Str. 2,  D-09596 Freiberg, Germany"},{"name":"Remote Sensing Group, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg of Resource Technology, Halsbrueckerstr. 34, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcringer Landesanstalt f\u00fcr Umwelt und Geologie (TLUG), Abteilung 5\u2013Wasserwirtschaft\u2013Referat 51. Gew\u00e4sserkundlicher Landesdienst, Hochwassernachrichtenzentrale. G\u00f6schwitzer Str. 41,  D-07745 Jena"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Harris, R.A. (2000). Proceedings of the First MSG RAO Workshop, European Space Agency ESASP-452, Bologna, Italy, 17\u201319 May 2000; 2000CNR, ESA."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"901","article-title":"Simple water balance modelling of surface reservoir systems in a large data-scarce semi-arid region","volume":"49","author":"Krol","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Andersen, F.H. (2008). Hydrological Modeling in a Semi-arid Area Using Remote Sensing Data, University of Copenhagen."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"136","article-title":"Representation of landscape variability and lateral redistribution processes for large-scale hydrological modelling in semi-arid areas","volume":"267","author":"Bronstert","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2005.08.013","article-title":"Water resource management and biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Rift Valley Lakes, Northern Tanzania","volume":"30","author":"Yanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2006.08.010","article-title":"Geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology of Lake Urema, central Mozambique, with focus on lake extent changes","volume":"31","author":"Steinbruch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.09.015","article-title":"Non-climatic growth of the saline Lake Beseka, Main Ethiopian Rift","volume":"73","author":"Goerner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Simonsson, L (2001). Applied Landscape Assessment in a Holistic Perspective, A Case Study from Babati District, North-central Tanzania, Department of Earth Science, Uppsala University."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-21-33-2009","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of the impact of projected climate change on the spatially distributed waterbalance in Thuringia, Germany","volume":"21","author":"Krause","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-1729-2011","article-title":"Combining satellite radar altimetry, SAR surface soil moisture and GRACE total storage changes for hydrological model calibration in a large poorly gauged catchment","volume":"15","author":"Milzow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-15-107-2011","article-title":"Hydroclimatology of Lake Victoria region using hydrologic model and satellite remote sensing data","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2009.12.010","article-title":"Recent hydrological behavior of the East African great lakes region inferred from GRACE, satellite altimetry and rainfall observations","volume":"342","author":"Becker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3319\/TAO.2010.05.19.01(TibXS)","article-title":"A preliminary analysis of lake level and water storage changes over lakes Baikal and Balkhash from satellite altimetry and gravimetry","volume":"22","author":"Hwang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2009.03.008","article-title":"Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space","volume":"370","author":"Swenson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3061067","article-title":"Integrated landsat image analysis and hydrologic modeling to detect impacts of 25-year land-cover change on surface runoff in a philippine watershed","volume":"3","author":"Santillan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-007-9191-y","article-title":"The falling Lake Victoria water levels: GRACE, TRIMM and CHAMP satellite analysis of the lake basin","volume":"22","author":"Awange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W04531","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011453","article-title":"Accuracy of scaled GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates","volume":"48","author":"Landerer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2006.259.01.13","article-title":"Strain accommodation in transitional rifts: Extension by magma intrusion and faulting in Ethiopian Rift magmatic segments","volume":"259","author":"Casey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1130\/G20737.1","article-title":"Three-dimensional seismic imaging of a protoridge axis in the Main Ethiopian rift","volume":"32","author":"Keranen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2006.10.008","article-title":"Deformation distribution and type in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER): A remote sensing study","volume":"48","author":"Kurz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Afr. Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Somi, E.J. (1993). Palaeoenvironmental Change in Central and Coastal Tanzania during the Upper Cenozoic. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2008\/0299","article-title":"Simulation of East African precipitation patterns with the regional climate model CLM","volume":"17","author":"Kaspar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.744","article-title":"Sensitivity of the southern African circulation to dipole sea-surface temperature patterns in the South Indian Ocean","volume":"22","author":"Reason","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900165","article-title":"Indian Ocean climate event brings floods to East Africa\u2019s lakes and the Sudd Marsh","volume":"26","author":"Birkett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Resour. Lett"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheater, H., Sorooshian, S., and Sharma, K.D. (2007). Hydrological Modelling in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511535734"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/02626668809491261","article-title":"Problems of rainfallrunoff modelling in arid and semiarid regions","volume":"33","author":"Pilgrim","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.06.007","article-title":"Potential hominin plant foods in northern Tanzania: Semi-arid savannas versus savanna chimpanzee sites","volume":"57","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.2307\/2845275","article-title":"Rainfall patterns as background to plant phenology in northern Tanzania","volume":"15","author":"Prins","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697217099","article-title":"The IGBP-DIS global 1 km land cover data set, DISCover first results","volume":"18","author":"Loveland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00124-7","article-title":"The shuttle radar topography mission\u2014A new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar","volume":"57","author":"Rabus","year":"2003","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E available from the CGIAR-CSI SRTM 90m Database. Available online: http:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"58","article-title":"Water and energy cycles: Investigating the links","volume":"54","author":"Sorooshian","year":"2005","journal-title":"World Meteorol. Org. Bull"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM549.1","article-title":"Comparison of the scaling characteristics of rainfall derived from spacebased and ground-based radar observations","volume":"7","author":"Gebremichael","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0809:TTRMMT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) sensor package","volume":"15","author":"Kummerow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andermann, C., Bonnet, S., and Gloaguen, R (2011). Evaluation of precipitation data sets along the Himalayan front. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12.","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GC003513"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<1284:GPEBOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global precipitation estimates based on a technique for combining satellite-based estimates, rain-gauge analysis, and NWP model precipitation","volume":"8","author":"Huffman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The version 2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979-Present)","volume":"4","author":"Adler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2010.01.004","article-title":"Precipitation retrieval from space: An overview","volume":"342","author":"Prigent","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.026","article-title":"New refinements and validation of the MODIS Land-Surface Temperature\/Emissivity products","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030703","article-title":"A MODIS-based energy balance to estimate evapotranspiration for clear-sky days in Brazilian tropical Savannas","volume":"4","author":"Ruhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000116417","article-title":"Quality assessment and validation of the MODIS land surface temperature","volume":"25","author":"Wan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tapley, B.D., Bettadpur, S., Watkins, M., and Reigber, C.H. (2004). The gravity recovery and climate experiment: Mission overview and early results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019920"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30205","DOI":"10.1029\/98JB02844","article-title":"Time variability of the Earth\u2019s gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE","volume":"103","author":"Wahr","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahr, J., Swenson, S., Zlotnicki, V., and Velicogna, I (2004). Time-variable gravity from GRACE: First results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019779"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swenson, S., and Wahr, J (2006). Post-processing removal of correlated errors in GRACE data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025285"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2006.08.002","article-title":"Lake studies from satellite radar altimetry","volume":"338","author":"Birkett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Geosci"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"FAO., IIASA., ISRIC., ISSCAS., and JRC. (2009). Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1), FAO. IIASA: Laxenburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Iqbal, M (1983). An Introduction to Solar Radiation, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011580","article-title":"A global albedo data set derived from AVHRR data for use in climate simulations","volume":"28","author":"Strugnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(99)00156-8","article-title":"Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2699.1999.00123.x","article-title":"Monitoring forest degradation in tropical regions by remote sensing: Some methodological issues","volume":"8","author":"Lambin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM536.1","article-title":"Effects of implementing MODIS land cover and albedo in MM5 at two contrasting US regions","volume":"7","author":"Yucel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(03)00274-6","article-title":"Plant parameter values for models in temperate climates","volume":"169","author":"Breuer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D05107","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007404","article-title":"Impacts of land use\/cover classification accuracy on regional climate simulations","volume":"112","author":"Ge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2001)002<0525:GVRDFL>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Global vegetation root distribution for land modeling, notes and correspondence","volume":"2","author":"Zeng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kralisch, S., and Krause, P (2006, January 9\u201313). JAMS: A Framework for Natural Resource Model Development and Application. Burlington, VM, USA."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Dingman, S.L. (2002). Physical Hydrology, Prentice Hall."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2307\/210739","article-title":"An approach toward a rational classification of climate","volume":"38","author":"Thornthwaite","year":"1948","journal-title":"Geogr. Rev"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"589","article-title":"Climatology of the terrestrial seasonal water cycle","volume":"5","author":"Willmott","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/1087-3562(2004)8<1:IOCVAC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Impacts of climate variation and catchment area on water balance and lake hydrologic type in groundwater-dominated systems: A generic lake model","volume":"8","author":"Cardille","year":"2004","journal-title":"Earth Interact"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1770.2006.00293.x","article-title":"Modelling natural conditions and impacts of consumptive water use and sedimentation of Lake Abaya and Lake Chamo, Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Awulachew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lakes Reserv. Res. Manag"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Wilcox, B., Seyfried, M., and Breshears, D (2003). Encyclopedia of Water Science, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D., and Smith, M (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration: Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56;."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.05.011","article-title":"Water balance of Lake Tana and its sensitivity to fluctuations in rainfall, Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia","volume":"316","author":"Kebede","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"120","article-title":"Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass","volume":"193","author":"Penman","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Jensen, M.E., Burman, R.D., and Allen, R.G.E. (1990). Evaporation and Irrigation Water Requirements, ASCE. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices No. 70;."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Alphen, J., van Beek, E., and Taal, M. (2005). Floods, from Defence to Management, Taylor-Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833513"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05477","article-title":"Seasonal characteristics of the Indian Ocean Dipole during the Holocene epoch","volume":"445","author":"Abram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-005-0138-z","article-title":"On the linear response of tropical African climate to SST changes deduced from regional climate model simulations","volume":"83","author":"Paeth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1029\/97WR01881","article-title":"Causes of concentration\/discharge hysteresis and its potential as a tool for the analysis of episode hydrochemistry","volume":"34","author":"Evans","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000971","article-title":"Consistency of patterns in concentration-discharge plots","volume":"38","author":"Chanat","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1356","article-title":"Impact of transient groundwater storage on the discharge of Himalayan rivers","volume":"5","author":"Andermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Sharma, M.L. (1989). Groundwater Recharge, Balkema."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-27-29-2010","article-title":"Hydrological system analysis and modelling of the Nam Co basin in Tibet","volume":"27","author":"Krause","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5194\/adgeo-5-43-2005","article-title":"Evaluation of hydrological models for scenario analyses: Signal-to-noise-ratio between scenario effects and model uncertainty","volume":"5","author":"Bormann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21104","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009438","article-title":"Interannual variations of river water storage from a multiple satellite approach: A case study for the Rio Negro River basin, Atmospheres","volume":"113","author":"Frappart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10712-008-9051-1","article-title":"Monitoring continental surface waters by Satellite Altimetry","volume":"29","author":"Calmant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surv. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8181(01)00139-4","article-title":"Interannual lake level fluctuations (1993\u20131999) in Africa from Topex\/Poseidon: Connections with ocean-atmosphere interactions over the Indian Ocean","volume":"32","author":"Mercier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:45:54Z","timestamp":1760219154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5041651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5041651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,2]]}}}