{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:25:43Z","timestamp":1768001143146,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1365638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shanghai is a modern metropolis characterized by high urban density and anthropogenic ground motions. Although traditional deformation monitoring methods, such as GPS and spirit leveling, are reliable to millimeter accuracy, the sparse point subsidence information makes understanding large areas difficult. Multiple temporal space-borne synthetic aperture radar interferometry is a powerful high-accuracy (sub-millimeter) remote sensing tool for monitoring slow ground deformation for a large area with a high point density. In this paper, the Interferometric Point Target Time Series Analysis method is used to extract ground subsidence rates in Shanghai based on 31 C-Band and 35 X-Band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images obtained by Envisat and COSMO SkyMed (CSK) satellites from 2007 to 2010. A significant subsidence funnel that was detected is located in the junction place between the Yangpu and the Hongkou Districts. A t-test is formulated to judge the agreements between the subsidence results obtained by SAR and by spirit leveling. In addition, four profile lines crossing the subsidence funnel area are chosen for a comparison of ground subsidence rates, which were obtained by the two different band SAR images, and show a good agreement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T12:00:21Z","timestamp":1365681621000},"page":"1774-1786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Deformation Trend Extraction Based on Multi-Temporal InSAR in Shanghai"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jicang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Surveying and Mapping, Shanghai 200063, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote sensing and Geospatial Information Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote sensing and Geospatial Information Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Remote sensing and Geospatial Information Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"The situation of land subsidence within Shanghai in recent years and its countermeasure (in Chinese)","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chinese J. Geol. Hazard Control"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Preventive measures for land subsidence in Shanghai and their effects","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Volcanol. Miner. Resour"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"598","article-title":"Subsidence velocity retrieval from long-term coherent targets in radar interferometric stacks (in Chinese)","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chinese J. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.3390\/s8084725","article-title":"Detecting land subsidence in Shanghai by PS-networking SAR interferometry","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"4","article-title":"On urban ground subsidence detection based on PS-DInSAR: A case study for Shanghai (in Chinese)","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Pasquale, I., and Daniele, R. (2010). Geoscience and Remote Sensing New Achievements, InTech."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z.Y., Perissin, D., and Lin, H (2011, January 24\u201329). Subway Tunnels Identification through Cosmo-SkyMed PSInSAR Analysis in Shanghai. Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2011.6049430"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Leighton, J.M. (2010). Methodology and Results. [GPS and PSI Integration for Monitoring Urban Land Motion]. Ph.D. Thesis; University of Nottingham: Nottingham, UK."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1088\/0266-5611\/14\/4\/001","article-title":"Synthetic aperture radar interferometry","volume":"14","author":"Bamler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Inverse Probl"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9183","DOI":"10.1029\/JB094iB07p09183","article-title":"Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: Differential radar interferometry","volume":"94","author":"Gabriel","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.175330","article-title":"Decorrelation in interferometric radar echoes","volume":"30","author":"Zebker","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7547","DOI":"10.1029\/96JB03804","article-title":"Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps","volume":"102","author":"Zebker","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-008-0352-6","article-title":"The coherent pixels technique (CPT): An advanced DInSAR technique for nonlinear deformation monitoring","volume":"165","author":"Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1109\/36.898661","article-title":"Permanent scatterers in SAR interferometry","volume":"39","author":"Ferretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Werner, C., Wegmuller, U., Strozzi, T., and Wiesmann, A (2003, January 21\u201325). Interferometric Point Target Analysis for Deformation Mapping. Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812702630_0015"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Kampes, B (2006). Radar Interferometry: Persistent Scatterer Technique, Springer."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"395","article-title":"Method for optimum selection of common master acquisition for PS-DInSAR (in Chinese)","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Surv. Mapp"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gamma Remote Sensing (2003). GAMMA Interferometric Point Target Analysis: Users Guide. 2003, Gamma Remote Sensing."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1774\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:04Z","timestamp":1760219164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5041774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5041774","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]]}}}