{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T06:30:51Z","timestamp":1775543451941,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Temperature and precipitation have been separately reported to be the main factors affecting the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the Tibetan Plateau. The effects of the main climatic factors on the yearly maximum NDVI (MNDVI) in the Tibetan Plateau were examined on different scales. The result underscored the observation that both precipitation and temperature affect MNDVI based on weather stations or physico-geographical regions. Precipitation is the main climatic factor that affects the vegetation cover in the entire Tibetan Plateau. Both annual mean precipitation and annual mean precipitation of the growing period are related with MNDVI, and the positive correlations are manifested in a linear manner. By comparison, the weakly correlated current between MNDVI and all the temperature indexes is observed in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T11:36:50Z","timestamp":1366112210000},"page":"1894-1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["On the Variation of NDVI with the Principal Climatic Elements in the Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A, Yuquanlu Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Genwei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, Chengdu 610041, China"}]},{"given":"Weipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A, Yuquanlu Road, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Land and Resource College, China West Normal University, No.1, Shidalu Road, Nanchong 637002, China"}]},{"given":"Yukun","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A, Yuquanlu Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yunchuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazard and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.9, Block 4, Renminnanlu Road, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19 A, Yuquanlu Road, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-010-9952-0","article-title":"Climate changes and its impact on tundra ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22151","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012490107","article-title":"Winter and spring warming result in delayed spring phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"107","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006703831018","article-title":"Eco-environmental changes and causative analysis in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environmentalist"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-009-1258-1","article-title":"Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai\u2013Tibet Plateau, China","volume":"170","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000053788","article-title":"Annual and interannual variability of NDVI in Brazil and its connections with climate","volume":"24","author":"Gurgel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharlemann, J.P.W., Benz, D., Hay, S.I., Purse, B.V., and Tatem, A.J. (2008). Global data for ecology and epidemiology: A novel algorithm for temporal fourier processing MODIS data. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001408"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0901-9","article-title":"Assessing vegetation dynamics impacted by climate change in the southwestern karst region of China with AVHRR NDVI and AVHRR NPP time-series","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2005.05.011","article-title":"Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change","volume":"20","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/014311600210821","article-title":"GAC NDVI images: Relationship to rainfall and potential evaporation in the grazing lands of the Gourma (northern Sahel) and in the croplands of the Niger-Nigeria border (southern Sahel)","volume":"21","author":"Milich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2009.10.035","article-title":"Alpine grassland degradation index and its response to recent climate variability in Northern Tibet, China","volume":"226","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quat. Int"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1657\/1523-0430(07-501)[CHU]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to seasonal and inter-annual climate conditions in the Lhasa area, Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"39","author":"Chu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06402","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021764","article-title":"NDVI-indicated decline in desertification in China in the past two decades","volume":"32","author":"Piao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2005.08.014","article-title":"Fractal characteristics of soils under different land-use patterns in the arid and semiarid regions of the Tibetan Plateau, China","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Sun, H.L. (1999). The National Physical Atlas of China (in Chinese), Cartographic Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Zhao, J (1998). Physical Geography of China (in Chinese), Higher Education Press."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"China Meteorological Data Sharing Service. Available online: http:\/\/cdc.cma.gov.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Environment and Ecological Science Data Center for West China Available online: http:\/\/westdc.westgis.ac.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Tucker, C.J., Pinzon, J.E., and Brown, M.E. (2004). Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies, University of Maryland. NA94apr15b.n11-VIg, 2.0, Global Land Cover Facility (04\/15\/1994);."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum value composite images from temporal AVHRR dada","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"232","article-title":"Study on the dynamically monitoring and simulating the vegetation cover in Northwest China in the past 21 years","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Glaciol. Geocryol"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"89","article-title":"Study on the vegetation cover change in Northwest China based on SPOT VEGETATION data","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Desert Res"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"90","article-title":"Monitoring of changes in land vegetation covers using NOAA \/ AVHRR NDVI datasets","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lanzhou Univ. (Nat. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2010","article-title":"Vegetation change and its responses to climatic variation based on eco-geographical regions of Tibetan Plateau","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geogr. Res"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/ppp.3430050203","article-title":"Climate controls and high-altitude permafrost, Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau, China","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Permafrost Periglac"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2004.02.003","article-title":"Changes of climate and seasonally frozen ground over the past 30 years in Qinghai\u2013Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, China","volume":"43","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/21164","article-title":"Causes of twentieth-century temperature change near the earth\u2019s surface","volume":"399","author":"Tett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3312","DOI":"10.3390\/s7123312","article-title":"Evaluation of grassland dynamics in the Northern-Tibet Plateau of China using remote sensing and climate data","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17521\/cjpe.2006.0001","article-title":"Variations in grassland vegetation cover in relation to climatic factors on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Plant Ecol"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0115-x","article-title":"Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under global climate change","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1657\/1938-4246-42.4.449","article-title":"Evidence of warming and wetting climate over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3354\/cr00834","article-title":"Climate\u2013growth relationships of Qilian juniper Sabina przewalskii in the Anyemaqen mountains, Tibet","volume":"41","author":"Peng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Res"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-007-0259-7","article-title":"The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"17","author":"Ding","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"410","article-title":"The system of physico-geographical regions of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau","volume":"39","author":"Zheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. China D"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1769","article-title":"Variation in grassland vegetation NDVI and its ten-day response to temperature and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains","volume":"32","author":"Dai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Spatial disparity of NDVI response in vegetation growing season to climate change in the Three-River Headwaters region","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"69","article-title":"The trend of NDVI during the past 30 years in Linzhi Area, Tibet Autonomous Region","volume":"26","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Northwest For. Univ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1080\/014311698214352","article-title":"Global analysis of empirical relations between annual climate and seasonality of NDVI","volume":"19","author":"Potter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1570","article-title":"Vegetation change of Yamzho Yumco Basin in Southern Tibet based on SPOT-VGT NDVI","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Spectrosc. Spect. Anal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00564.x","article-title":"Precipitation-use efficiency along a 4,500-km grassland transect","volume":"19","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02561","article-title":"Convergence across biomes to a common rain-use efficiency","volume":"429","author":"Huxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-0477.2001.00605.x","article-title":"Influence of precipitation and species composition on phytomass of a semi-arid African grassland","volume":"89","author":"Haines","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[2628:EOTAST]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of temperature and soil texture on ANPP in the US Great Plains","volume":"78","author":"Epstein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.01.005","article-title":"Aboveground biomass production and soil water dynamics of fourleguminous forages in semiarid region, Northwest China","volume":"72","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"667","article-title":"Changes in plant species diversity and productivity along gradients of precipitation in the Xilin river basin, Inner Mongolia","volume":"24","author":"Bai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecologica Sin"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2008.09.027","article-title":"Aboveground biomass in Tibetan grasslands","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"3198","article-title":"Relations between AVHRR NDVI and climate factors in Northern Tibet in recent 10 years","volume":"27","author":"Mao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-010-0163-4","article-title":"Temporal and spatial response of vegetation NDVI to temperature and precipitation in eastern China","volume":"20","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Sci"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"878","article-title":"Spatial variation of water\/ thermal elements and NDVI with altitudes in central and eastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geogr. Res"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-10-1707-2013","article-title":"Meta-analysis of relationships between environmental factors and aboveground biomass in the alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:09Z","timestamp":1760219169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/4\/1894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5041894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5041894","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]]}}}