{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:31:00Z","timestamp":1760243460231,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]],"date-time":"2013-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate assessments of spatio-temporal variations in gross primary productivity (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and water use efficiency (WUE) play a crucial role in the evaluation of carbon and water balance as well as have considerable effects on climate change. In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products were used to quantify the mean annual GPP and ET at Korean regional flux network site. We found that the seasonal mean values of WUE were 2.86 to 2.92 g\u2219C\u2219g\u2219H2O\u22121 in the dormant season and 1.81 to 1.88 g\u2219C\u2219g\u2219H2O\u22121 in the growing season during 2007 and 2008. The WUE was relatively stable during the growing season and tended to vary in the dormant season. Remote sensing data obtained by the MODIS satellite were appeared to be effective to improve our understanding of the spatio-temporal variation of ecohydrological parameters which have not yet been investigated in a number of previous articles. Based on the results of this study, we summarize the interactions between carbon and water circulation in terrestrial ecosystems and how their ecological procedures generated by the photosynthesis of vegetation influence in climatological perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]],"date-time":"2013-05-21T14:22:12Z","timestamp":1369146132000},"page":"2534-2553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluating Ecohydrological Impacts of Vegetation Activities on Climatological Perspectives Using MODIS Gross Primary Productivity and Evapotranspiration Products at Korean Regional Flux Network Site"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Chanyang","family":"Sur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]},{"given":"Minha","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-Driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2004.06.008","article-title":"Carbon exchange and venting anomalies in an upland deciduous forest in northern Wisconsin, USA","volume":"126","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2002)012[0891:FCSITN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Forest carbon sinks in the northern hemisphere","volume":"12","author":"Goodale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.08.010","article-title":"Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes from a boreal mixedwood forest ecosystems in Ontario, Canada","volume":"140","author":"McCaughey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/35041539","article-title":"Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model","volume":"408","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(01)00331-5","article-title":"Integrating remotely sensed data with an ecosystem model to estimate net primary productivity in East Asia","volume":"81","author":"Matsushita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2007). Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1999.00006.x","article-title":"Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): The importance of water availability","volume":"5","author":"Churkina","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1029\/2006EO500009","article-title":"Monitoring global vegetation using moderate-resolution satellites","volume":"87","author":"Morisette","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sala, O.E., and Jackson, R.B. (2000). Methods in Ecosystem Science, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1224-9"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.01.022","article-title":"Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"114","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-010-9389-3","article-title":"Variability in light-use efficiency for Gross Primary Productivity on great plains grasslands","volume":"14","author":"Polley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2011.09.015","article-title":"Validating modelled NPP using statistical yield data","volume":"35","author":"Tum","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.2307\/1938237","article-title":"Primary productivity and water use in native forest, grassland, and desert ecosystems","volume":"59","author":"Webb","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-003-0189-x","article-title":"Remotely sensed interannual variations and trends in terrestrial net primary productivity 1981\u20132000","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12524-011-0123-1","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) over terrestrial biosphere of India using NOAA-AVHRR Based GloPEM Model","volume":"39","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.11.008","article-title":"Satellite-Based modeling of gross primary production in an evergreen needleleaf forest","volume":"89","author":"Xiao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02316.x","article-title":"Water-Use efficiency of forest ecosystems in eastern China and its relations to climatic variables","volume":"177","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.10.009","article-title":"Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895\u20132007","volume":"259","author":"Tian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. Manage."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2011.05.005","article-title":"Elevated CO2 increase water use efficiency by sustaining photosynthesis of water-limited maize and sorghum","volume":"168","author":"Allen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.02.004","article-title":"Evapotranspiration and water use efficiency in different-aged Pacific Northwest Douglas-fir stands","volume":"149","author":"Jassal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01556.x","article-title":"Evaluating drought effect on MODIS Gross Primary Production (GPP) with an eco-hydrological model in the mountainous forest, East Asia","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(02)00104-1","article-title":"Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation","volume":"113","author":"Law","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.015","article-title":"Estimating daily gross primary production of maize based only on MODIS WDRVI and shortwave radiation data","volume":"115","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.01.008","article-title":"The effects of drought and timing of precipitation on the inter-annual variation in ecosystem-atmosphere exchange in a Mediterranean grassland","volume":"151","author":"Jongen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01103.x","article-title":"Comparison of ecosystem water use efficiency among Douglas-fir forest, aspen forest and grassland using eddy covariance and carbon isotope techniques","volume":"12","author":"Ponton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2008.03.002","article-title":"Regional mapping of gross light-use efficiency using MODIS spectral indices","volume":"112","author":"Drolet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.12.011","article-title":"Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set","volume":"95","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.07.007","article-title":"Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data","volume":"106","author":"Cleugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.04.015","article-title":"Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data","volume":"111","author":"Mu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"101","article-title":"Forest stand structure, site characteristics and carbon budget of the Kwangneung Natural Forest in Korea (in Korean)","volume":"5","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2008.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days","volume":"148","author":"Ryu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agr. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11284-006-0055-3","article-title":"HydroKorea and CarboKorea: Cross-scale studies of ecohydrology and biogeochemistry in a heterogeneous and complex forest catchment of Korea","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Heinsch, F.A., Reeves, M., Bowker, C.F., Votava, P., Kang, S., Milesi, C., Zhao, M., Glassy, J., Jolly, W.M., and Kimball, J.S. Available online: http:\/\/www.ntsg.umt.edu\/sites\/ntsg.umt.edu\/files\/modis\/MOD17UsersGuide.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"205","article-title":"Evaporation and environment","volume":"19","author":"Monteith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Symp. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00078-0","article-title":"Global land cover mapping from MODIS: Algorithms and early results","volume":"83","author":"Friedl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","article-title":"Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices","volume":"83","author":"Huete","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huete, A.R., Didan, K., Shimabukuro, Y.E., Ratana, P., Saleska, S.R., Hutyra, L.R., Yang, W., Nemani, R.R., and Myneni, R. (2006). Amazon rainforests green-up with sunlight in dry season. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL025583"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00074-3","article-title":"Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data","volume":"83","author":"Myneni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Schaaf, C.B., Gao, F., Li, X., Strahler, A.H., Lucht, W., and Liang, S. (2003). Consistency of MODIS surface bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo retrievals: 1. Algorithm performance. J. Geophys. Res., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002803"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1109\/36.841980","article-title":"An Algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models","volume":"38","author":"Lucht","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.871564","article-title":"Validation of the MODIS bidirectional reflectance distribution function and albedo retrievals using combined observations from the aqua and terra platforms","volume":"44","author":"Salomon","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00091-3","article-title":"First operational BRDF, Albedo and Nadir Reflectance Products from MODIS","volume":"83","author":"Schaaf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0992.1","article-title":"Primary production and rain use efficiency across a precipitation gradient on the Mongolia plateau","volume":"89","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02561","article-title":"Convergence across biomes to a common rain use efficiency","volume":"429","author":"Huxman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"171","article-title":"Errors of MODIS product of Gross Primary Productivity by using Data Assimilation Office Meteorological data (in Korean)","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5532\/KJAFM.2007.9.2.132","article-title":"Enhancing the reliability of MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) by improving input data (in Korean)","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-011-0233-3","article-title":"Effects of climate change on the thermal structure of lakes in the Asian Monsoon Area","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Climatic Change"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-011-0512-6","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variation of precipitation in Sudan and their possible cause during 1948\u20132005","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s12205-012-0006-1","article-title":"Validation of MODIS 16 global terrestrial evapotranspiration products in various climates and land cover types in Asia","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"KSCE J. Civil Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Monteith, J.L. (1973). Principles of Environmental Physics, Edward Arnold. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"51","article-title":"CO2 and Energy Exchange in a Rice Paddy for the Growing season of 2002 in Hari, Korea","volume":"5","author":"Moon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J. Agr. Forest Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/5\/2534\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:46:53Z","timestamp":1760219213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/5\/2534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5052534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5052534","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,21]]}}}