{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:31:03Z","timestamp":1760243463010,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent satellite data and modeling studies indicate a pronounced role Tropical Instability Waves (TIW)-induced wind feedback plays in the tropical Pacific climate system. Previously, remotely sensed data were used to derive a diagnostic model for TIW-induced wind stress perturbations (\u03c4TIW), which was embedded into an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) to take into account TIW-induced ocean-atmosphere coupling in the tropical Pacific. While the previous paper by Zhang (2013) is concerned with the effect on the mean ocean state, the present paper is devoted to using the embedded system to examine the effects on TIW activity in the ocean, with \u03c4TIW being interactively determined from TIW-scale sea surface temperature (SSTTIW) fields generated in the OGCM, written as  \u03c4TIW = \u03b1TIW\u00b7F(SSTTIW), where \u03b1TIW is a scalar parameter introduced to represent the \u03c4TIW forcing intensity. Sensitivity experiments with varying \u03b1TIW (representing TIW-scale wind feedback strength) are performed to illustrate a negative feedback induced by TIW-scale air-sea coupling and its relationship with TIW variability in the ocean. Consistent with previous modeling studies, TIW wind feedback tends to have a damping effect on TIWs in the ocean, with a general inverse relationship between the \u03c4TIW intensity and TIWs. It is further shown that TIW-scale coupling does not vary linearly with \u03b1TIW: the coupling increases linearly with intensifying \u03c4TIW forcing at low values of \u03b1TIW (in a weak \u03c4TIW forcing regime); it becomes saturated at a certain value of \u03b1TIW; it decreases when \u03b1TIW goes above a threshold value as the \u03c4TIW forcing increases further. This work presents a clear demonstration of using satellite data to effectively represent TIW-scale wind feedback and its multi-scale interactions with large-scale ocean processes in the tropical Pacific.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]],"date-time":"2013-05-24T13:02:03Z","timestamp":1369400523000},"page":"2660-2687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Using Satellite Data to Represent Tropical Instability Waves (TIWs)-Induced Wind for Ocean Modeling: A Negative Feedback onto TIW Activity in the Pacific"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Rong-Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education,  Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, College Park,  MD 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Zhongxian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education,  Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (ESSIC), University of Maryland, College Park,  MD 20740, USA"}]},{"given":"Jinzhong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education,  Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4309.1179","article-title":"Long waves in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean: A view from a geostationary satellite","volume":"197","author":"Legeckis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1357\/002224089785076389","article-title":"Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean","volume":"47","author":"Bryden","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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