{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:10:18Z","timestamp":1773007818247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]],"date-time":"2013-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, two different methods were applied to derive daily and monthly sunshine duration based on high-resolution satellite products provided by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring using data from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager). The satellite products were either hourly cloud type or hourly surface incoming direct radiation. The satellite sunshine duration estimates were not found to be significantly different using the native 15-minute temporal resolution of SEVIRI. The satellite-based sunshine duration products give additional spatial information over the European continent compared with equivalent in situ-based products. An evaluation of the satellite sunshine duration by product intercomparison and against station measurements was carried out to determine their accuracy. The satellite data were found to be within \u00b11 h\/day compared to high-quality Baseline Surface Radiation Network or surface synoptic observations (SYNOP) station measurements. The satellite-based products differ more over the oceans than over land, mainly because of the treatment of fractional clouds in the cloud type-based sunshine duration product. This paper presents the methods used to derive the satellite sunshine duration products and the performance of the different retrievals. The main benefits and disadvantages compared to station-based products are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,10]],"date-time":"2013-06-10T03:32:11Z","timestamp":1370835131000},"page":"2943-2972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Satellite-Based Sunshine Duration for Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Steffen","family":"Kothe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenh\u00f6ferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, UK"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Obreg\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, Frankfurter Str. 135, Offenbach D-60387, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6452-3180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bodo","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Altenh\u00f6ferallee 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Nitsche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutscher Wetterdienst, Frankfurter Str. 135, Offenbach D-60387, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain","volume":"281","author":"Monteith","year":"1977","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray, S.J., Watson, I.M., and Prentice, I.C. (2013). The use of dynamic global vegetation models for simulating hydrology and the potential integration of satellite observations integration of satellite observations. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 37.","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133312460072"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(02)00283-4","article-title":"A global hydrological model for deriving water availability indicators: Model tuning and validation","volume":"270","author":"Kaspar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2003.08.022","article-title":"Global solar radiation estimation using sunshine duration in Spain","volume":"45","author":"Almorox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"36","article-title":"Spatio-temporal modeling of global solar radiation dynamics as a function of sunshine duration for Turkey. Agric","volume":"145","author":"Ertekin","year":"2007","journal-title":"For. Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.09.010","article-title":"Climatic influences on solar modelling in China","volume":"33","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2010.01.006","article-title":"Quality control and estimation of global solar radiation in China","volume":"84","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, W.J., Yang, K., Qin, J., and Min, M (2013). Development of a 50-year daily surface solar radiation dataset over China. Sci. China Earth Sci.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4542-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2008.09.006","article-title":"Quality control of global solar radiation using sunshine duration hours","volume":"34","author":"Moradi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00074.1","article-title":"Enlightening Global Dimming and Brightening","volume":"93","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Sanchez-Lorenzo, A., Palle, E., Wild, M., Calbo, J., Brunetti, M., Stanhill, G., Bradzil, R., Barriendos, M., Pereira, P., and Azorin-Molina, C (2010). The SunCloud project: Worldwide compilation of long-term series of sunshine duration and cloudiness observation. Geophys. Res. Abstr. EGU Gen. Assem., 12, EGU2010-14316."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2296","article-title":"Observed trends in sunshine duration over South America","volume":"32","author":"Raichijk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.2164","article-title":"Trends in temperature, diurnal temperature range and sunshine duration in Northeast India","volume":"31","author":"Jhajharia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6089","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JCLI2442.1","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal trends in sunshine duration over Western Europe (1938\u20132004)","volume":"21","author":"Calbo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO) (2008). Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, WMO. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"United Kingdom Met Office Available online: http:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/climate\/uk\/anomacts\/."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"German Meteorological Service DWD Available online: http:\/\/www.dwd.de."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Regional Climate Centre on Climate Monitoring Available online: http:\/\/www.dwd.de\/rcc-cm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3354\/cr021001","article-title":"A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas","volume":"21","author":"New","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clim. Res"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482706002362","article-title":"Spatial interpolation of sunshine duration in Slovenia","volume":"13","author":"Dolinar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"31","article-title":"Operational Maps of monthly mean Temperature for WMO-Region VI (Europe and Middle East)","volume":"115","author":"Hogewind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Id\u00f6j\u00e1r\u00e1s, Q. J. Hung. Metereol. Serv"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-003-0046-7","article-title":"On the relation between cloud cover amount and sunshine duration","volume":"87","author":"Essa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5061","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600840960","article-title":"A model for the estimation of the daily global sunshine duration from meteorological geostationary satellite data","volume":"27","author":"Kandirmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5194\/asr-10-15-2013","article-title":"Sunshine duration climate maps of Belgium and Luxembourg based on Meteosat and in-situ observations","volume":"10","author":"Demain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Res"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"121","article-title":"Solar and terrestrial radiation","volume":"50","year":"1924","journal-title":"Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1002\/wea.619","article-title":"Estimating daily sunshine duration over the UK from geostationary satellite data","volume":"65","author":"Good","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weather"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"CM SAF (2009). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document; Version 1.0, DWD. SAF\/CM\/DWD\/ATBD\/CFC_CTH_CTO_SEVIRI;."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"CM SAF (2010). Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document; Version 1.2, DWD. SAF\/CM\/DWD\/ATBD\/SID;."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-092X(98)00067-X","article-title":"An hourly diffuse fraction model with correction for variability and surface albedo","volume":"63","author":"Skartveit","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2009.01.012","article-title":"The CM SAF operational scheme for the satellite based retrieval of solar surface irradiance\u2014A LUT based eigenvector hybrid approach","volume":"113","author":"Mueller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"CM SAF (2010). Validation Report Direct Irradiance; Version 1.2, DWD. Doc. No: SAF\/CM\/DWD\/VAL\/SID;."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) Available online: http:\/\/www.bsrn.awi.de."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1998)079<2115:BSRNBW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN\/WCRP): New precision radiometry for climate research","volume":"79","author":"Ohmura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bull. Amer. Met. Soc"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/6\/2943\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:15Z","timestamp":1760219235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/6\/2943"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5062943"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5062943","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,7]]}}}