{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:26Z","timestamp":1760243546200,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report on the development and characterization of the new  compact infrared heterodyne receiver, iChips (Infrared Compact Heterodyne Instrument for Planetary Science). It is specially designed for ground-based observations of the terrestrial atmosphere in the mid-infrared wavelength region. Mid-infrared room temperature quantum cascade lasers are implemented into a heterodyne system for the first time. Their tunability allows the instrument to operate in two different modes.  The scanning mode covers a spectral range of few wavenumbers continuously with a resolution of approximately \u03bd\/\u2206\u03bd \u2265 105. This       mode allows the determination of the terrestrial atmospheric transmission. The staring mode, applied for observations of single molecular transition features, provides a spectral resolution                               of \u03bd\/\u2206\u03bd \u2265 107 and a bandwidth of 1.4  GHz.  To demonstrate the instrument's capabilities,  initial observations in both modes were performed by measuring the terrestrial transmittance at 7.8 \u00b5m (\u223c 1,285 cm\u22121) and by probing terrestrial ozone features at 8.6 \u00b5m (\u223c 1,160 cm\u22121),  respectively. The receivers characteristics and performance are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5073397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T04:31:13Z","timestamp":1374035473000},"page":"3397-3414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Compact Setup of a Tunable Heterodyne Spectrometer for Infrared Observations of Atmospheric Trace-Gases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Tobias","family":"Stangier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Sonnabend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Strasse 77, D-50937 Cologne, Germany"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Sornig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhenish Institute of Environmental Research, Department for Planetary Research, University of Cologne, Aachener Strasse 209, D-50931 Cologne, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.41.002978","article-title":"Tuneable Heterodyne Infrared Spectrometer for atmospheric and astronomical studies","volume":"41","author":"Sonnabend","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. 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