{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:28:20Z","timestamp":1771676900783,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key parameter in the Earth System Models (ESMs) since it strongly affects land-surface boundary conditions and the exchange of matter and energy with the atmosphere. Observations and data products derived from satellite remote sensing are important for the validation and evaluation of ESMs from regional to global scales. Several decades\u2019 worth of satellite data products are now available at global scale which represents a unique opportunity to contrast observations against model results. The objective of this study is to assess whether ESMs correctly reproduce the spatial variability of LAI when compared with satellite data and to compare the length of the growing season in the different models with the satellite data. To achieve this goal we analyse outputs from 11 coupled carbon-climate models that are based on the set of new global model simulations planned in support of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. We focus on the average LAI and the length of the growing season on Northern Hemisphere over the period 1986\u20132005. Additionally we compare the results with previous analyses (Part I) of uncoupled land surface models (LSMs) to assess the relative contribution of vegetation and climatic drivers on the correct representation of LAI. Our results show that models tend to overestimate the average values of LAI and have a longer growing season due to the later dormancy. The similarities with the uncoupled models suggest that representing the correct vegetation fraction with the associated parameterizations; is more important in controlling the distribution and value of LAI than the climatic variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1374760458000},"page":"3637-3661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Evaluation of Land Surface Models in Reproducing Satellite Derived Leaf Area Index over the High-Latitude Northern Hemisphere. Part II: Earth System Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Anav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Murray-Tortarolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Friedlingstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering, Mathematics & Physical Sciences, Harrison Building, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Sitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Shilong","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China"}]},{"given":"Zaichun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00074-3","article-title":"Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data","volume":"83","author":"Myneni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5299.502","article-title":"Modeling the exchanges of energy, water, and carbon between continents and the atmosphere","volume":"275","author":"Sellers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2000.00362.x","article-title":"A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data","volume":"6","author":"Botta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.t01-1-00176.x","article-title":"Interactions between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems: Influence on weather and climate","volume":"4","author":"Pielke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"57","article-title":"Climate-vegetation interaction","volume":"4","author":"Brovkin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Phys"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7393","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD02417","article-title":"Sensitivity of a general circulation model to global changes in leaf area index","volume":"101","author":"Chase","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/42924","article-title":"Contrasting physiological and structural vegetation feedback in climate change simulations","volume":"387","author":"Betts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB3018","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GB002888","article-title":"Growing season extension and its impact on terrestrial carbon cycle in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 2 decades","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-3181-2006","article-title":"Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)","volume":"6","author":"Guenther","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-2129-2006","article-title":"Impact of climate variability and land use changes on global biogenic volatile organic compound emissions","volume":"6","author":"Hauglustaine","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.09.043","article-title":"Aerosol dry deposition on vegetative canopies. Part 1: Review of present knowledge","volume":"42","author":"Petroff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G03027","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JG001976","article-title":"A comparison of two canopy conductance parameterizations to quantify the interactions between surface ozone and vegetation over Europe","volume":"117","author":"Anav","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/17709","article-title":"Growing season extended in Europe","volume":"397","author":"Menzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000069","article-title":"The phenological calendar of Estonia and its correlation with mean air temperature","volume":"44","author":"Ahas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","article-title":"Increased plant growth in the northern latitudes from 1981\u20131991","volume":"386","author":"Myneni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-001-0109-8","article-title":"Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999","volume":"45","author":"Tucker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"126","article-title":"West-east contrast of phenology and climate in northern Asia revealed using a remotely sensed vegetation index","volume":"47","author":"Suzuki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001618149","article-title":"European plant phenology and climate as seen in a 20-year AVHRR land-surface parameter dataset","volume":"25","author":"Vidale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/382146a0","article-title":"Increased activity of northern vegetation in inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements","volume":"382","author":"Keeling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071828","article-title":"Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and Pinatubo effect","volume":"296","author":"Lucht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB4015","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GB004312","article-title":"Thermal growing season and timing of biospheric carbon uptake across the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"26","author":"Barichivich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.002","article-title":"Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests","volume":"90","author":"Kimball","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01113.x","article-title":"Importance of recent shifts in soil thermal dynamics on growing season length, productivity, and carbon sequestration in terrestrial high-latitude ecosystems","volume":"12","author":"Euskirchen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2006.03.006","article-title":"Growing season changes in the last century","volume":"137","author":"Linderholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.001012.x","article-title":"Spatial analysis of growing season length control over net ecosystem exchange","volume":"11","author":"Churkina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0102","article-title":"Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity","volume":"365","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos. T. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014010","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/1\/014010","article-title":"Causes of spring vegetation growth trends in the northern mid\u2013high latitudes from 1982 to 2004","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031484","article-title":"Global latitudinal-asymmetric vegetation growth trends and their driving mechanisms: 1982\u20132009","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D12101","DOI":"10.1029\/2003JD004472","article-title":"Trends in high northern latitude soil freeze and thaw cycles from 1988 to 2002","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5441","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1568.1","article-title":"Human contribution to the lengthening of the growing season during 1950\u201399","volume":"20","author":"Christidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suni, T., Berninger, F., Markkanen, T., Keronen, P., Rannik, \u00dc., and Vesala, T. (2003). Interannual variability and timing of growing-season CO2exchange in a boreal forest. J. Geophys. Res.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002381"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.05.001","article-title":"Tree seasonality in a warming climate","volume":"16","author":"Tanino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1977)034<1366:ACSOTE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A comparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions","volume":"34","author":"Charney","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370020202","article-title":"A study of the influence of surface albedo on July circulation in semi-arid regions using the GLAS GCM","volume":"2","author":"Sud","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20863","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01311","article-title":"Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation","volume":"99","author":"Dirmeyer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4539.1498","article-title":"Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth\u2019s climate","volume":"215","author":"Shukla","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<2381:IOSMOT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of soil moisture on the Asian and African monsoons. Part I: Mean monsoon and daily precipitation","volume":"14","author":"Douville","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4747","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2568.1","article-title":"Hot european summers and the role of soil moisture in the propagation of mediterranean drought","volume":"22","author":"Zampieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1988)027<1036:IOLSRO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Influence of land surface roughness on atmospheric circulation and precipitation: A sensitivity study with a general circulation model","volume":"27","author":"Sud","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<2277:SOCTCI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Sensitivity of climate to changes in NDVI","volume":"13","author":"Bounoua","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1175\/1525-7541(2000)001<0431:TEORSP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effects of remotely sensed plant functional type and leaf area index in simulations of boreal forest surface fluxes by the NCAR land surface model","volume":"1","author":"Oleson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeor"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2001)014<3536:EOTUOS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Evaluation of the utility of satellite-based leaf area index data for climate simulation","volume":"14","author":"Buermann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4191","article-title":"Impact of leaf area index seasonality on the annual land surface evaporation in a global circulation model","volume":"108","author":"Viterbo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L05504","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019104","article-title":"Land boundary conditions from MODIS data and consequences for the albedo of a climate model","volume":"31","author":"Tian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4054.1","article-title":"Impact assessment of satellite-derived leaf area index datasets using a general circulation model: Seasonal variability","volume":"20","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Dickinson, R.E., Henderson-Sellers, A., and Kennedy, P.J. (1993). Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version 1e as Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model, National Center for Atmospheric Research. NCAR Technical Note, NCAR\/TN-387+ STR."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1993)121<2794:DOASGR>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Development of a second generation regional climate model (RegCM2). I. Boundary-layer and radiative transfer processes","volume":"121","author":"Giorgi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1998)037<0288:LSEAMF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Land surface energy and moisture fluxes: Comparing three models","volume":"37","author":"Schulz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteor"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-003-0367-8","article-title":"An annual cycle of vegetation in a GCM. Part II: Global impacts on climate and hydrology","volume":"22","author":"Lawrence","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-5-1125-2005","article-title":"The aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM","volume":"5","author":"Stier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"3445","article-title":"The LMDZ4 general circulation model: Climate performance and sensitivity to parametrized physics with emphasis on tropical convection","volume":"19","author":"Hourdin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1029\/96GB02692","article-title":"An integrated biosphere model of land surface processes, terrestrial carbon balance, and vegetation dynamics","volume":"10","author":"Foley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1996)009<0676:ARLSPF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs, Part I : Model Formulation","volume":"9","author":"Sellers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.1998.t01-1-00168.x","article-title":"Coupling dynamic models of climate and vegetation","volume":"4","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1620:IDVCWG]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Incorporating dynamic vegetation cover within global climate models","volume":"10","author":"Foley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00681.x","article-title":"A dynamic global vegetation model for use with climate models: Concepts and description of simulated vegetation dynamics","volume":"9","author":"Bonan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.893","article-title":"The evolution of, and revolution in, land surface schemes designed for climate models","volume":"23","author":"Pitman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x","article-title":"Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model","volume":"9","author":"Sitch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB1015","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GB002199","article-title":"A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system","volume":"19","author":"Krinner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3983.1","article-title":"Effects of Land Surface-Vegetation on the Boreal Summer Surface Climate of a GCM","volume":"20","author":"Alessandri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00094.1","article-title":"An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design","volume":"93","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-1051-2011","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an Earth-System model\u2014HadGEM2","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/326655a0","article-title":"Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate","volume":"326","author":"Charlson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/35041539","article-title":"Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model","volume":"408","author":"Cox","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01553667","article-title":"Phenological evaluations using Landsat-1 sensors","volume":"20","author":"Rea","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00055264","article-title":"Estimation of phenological stages and physiological states of grasslands from remote-sensing data","volume":"48","author":"Girard","year":"1982","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1029\/97GB00330","article-title":"A continental phenology model for monitoring vegetation responses to interannual climatic variability","volume":"11","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00135-9","article-title":"Monitoring vegetation phenology using MODIS","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002510","article-title":"Relation between interannual variations in satellite measures of northern forest greeness and climate between 1982 and 1999","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20105","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004720","article-title":"Climate-related vegetation characteristics derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) leaf area index and normalized difference vegetation index","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.05.003","article-title":"Monitoring spring canopy phenology of a deciduous broadleaf forest using MODIS","volume":"104","author":"Ahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murray-Tortarolo, G., Anav, A., Friedlingstein, P., Sitch, S., Piao, S., and Zhu, Z (2013). Evaluation of DGVMs in reproducing satellite derived LAI over the Northern Hemisphere. Part I: Uncoupled DGVMs. Remote Sens., submitted.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5104819"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) Available online: http:\/\/pcmdi9.llnl.gov\/esgf-web-fe\/."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, T., Li, W., Ji, J., Xin, X., Li, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhang, F., Wei, M., and Shi, X. (2013). Global carbon budgets simulated by the beijing climate center climate system model for the last century. J. Geophys. Res.","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50320"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"BNU-ESM Available online: http:\/\/esg.bnu.edu.cn\/BNU_ESM_webs\/htmls\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L0580","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL046270","article-title":"Carbon emission limits required to satisfy future representative concentration pathways of greenhouse gases","volume":"38","author":"Arora","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindsay, K., Bonan, G.B., Doney, S.C., Hoffman, F.M., Lawrence, D.M., Long, M.C., Mahowald, N.M., Moore, J.K., Randerston, J.T., and Thornton, P.E. (2013). Preindustrial control and 20th century carbon cycle experiments with the earth system model CESM1-(BGC). J. Climate, submitted.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00565.1"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00150.1","article-title":"GFDL\u2019s ESM2 global coupled climate-carbon Earth system models. Part II: Carbon system formation and baseline simulation characteristics","volume":"26","author":"Dunne","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Climate"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1134\/S000143381004002X","article-title":"Simulating present day climate with the INMCM4.0 coupled model of the atmospheric and oceanic general circulations","volume":"46","author":"Volodin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Izv. Ocean. Atmos. Phys"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1636-1","article-title":"Climate change projections using the IPSL-CM5 Earth system model: From CMIP3 to CMIP5","volume":"40","author":"Dufresne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.5194\/gmd-4-845-2011","article-title":"MIROC-ESM 2010: Model description and basic results of CMIP5\u201320c3m experiments","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-007-0247-8","article-title":"Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate-carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?","volume":"29","author":"Raddatz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"2843","article-title":"The Norwegian earth system model, NorESM1-M. Part 1: Description and basic evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Bentsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anav, A., Friedlingstein, P., Kidston, M., Bopp, L., Ciais, P., Cox, P.M., Jones, C.D., Jung, M., Myneni, R.B., and Zhu, Z (2013). Evaluating the land and ocean components of the global carbon cycle in the CMIP5 Earth System Models. J Climate, in press.","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00417.1"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020927","article-title":"Global data sets of vegetation leaf area index (LAI)3g and Fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR)3g derived from global inventory modeling and mapping studies (GIMMS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI3g) for the period 1981 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrg.20051","article-title":"Characterization and intercomparison of global moderate resolution leaf area index (LAI) products: Analysis of climatologies and theoretical uncertainties","volume":"118","author":"Fang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2011.00675.x","article-title":"Extension of the growing season due to delayed autumn over mid and high latitudes in North America during 1982\u20132006","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Ecol. Biogeogr"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1181","article-title":"An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids","volume":"25","author":"Mitchell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-9-3185-2012","article-title":"An assessment of the carbon balance of arctic tundra: Comparisons among observations, process models, and atmospheric inversions","volume":"9","author":"McGuire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082750","article-title":"Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999","volume":"300","author":"Nemani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"GB4026","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GB003339","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of terrestrial carbon cycle during the 20th century","volume":"23","author":"Piao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cy"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045508","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/045508","article-title":"Recent changes in phenology over the northern high latitudes detected from multi-satellite data","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02562.x","article-title":"Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: Results from the North American carbon program site synthesis","volume":"18","author":"Richardson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x","article-title":"Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/3637\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:13Z","timestamp":1760219293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/3637"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5083637"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5083637","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]}}}