{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T19:01:41Z","timestamp":1771700501885,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection and monitoring of mass movement of susceptible slopes plays a key role in mitigating hazards and potential damage associated with creeping slopes and landslides. In this paper, we use observations from both Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) to assess the slope stability of the Sarcheshmeh ancient landslide in the North Khorasan province of northeast Iran. InSAR observations were obtained by the time-series analysis of Envisat SAR images covering 2004\u20132006, whereas repeated GPS observations were conducted by campaign measurements during 2010\u20132012. Surface displacement maps of the Sarcheshmeh landslide obtained from InSAR and GPS are both indicative of slope stability. Hydrogeological analysis suggests that the multi-year drought and lower than average precipitation levels over the last decade might have contributed to the current dormancy of the Sarcheshmeh landslide.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]],"date-time":"2013-07-25T13:54:18Z","timestamp":1374760458000},"page":"3681-3700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Slope Stability Assessment of the Sarcheshmeh Landslide, Northeast Iran, Investigated Using InSAR and GPS Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Akbarimehr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Motagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre Potsdam GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Haghshenas-Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surveying and Geomatics Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidle, R.C., and Ochiai, H. (2006). Landslides: Processes, Prediction, and Land Use, American Geophysical Union.","DOI":"10.1029\/WM018"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/landslide.ir."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.ngdir.ir\/landslide\/LandSlideInfo.asp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-0951-x","article-title":"Monitoring of post-failure landslide deformation by the PS-InSAR technique at Lubietova in Central Slovakia","volume":"66","author":"Greif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(01)00098-8","article-title":"The use of Global Positioning System techniques for the continuous monitoring of landslides: Application to the Super-Sauze earthflow (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France)","volume":"43","author":"Malet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2006.09.004","article-title":"Kinematics of a deep-seated landslide derived from photogrammetric, GPS and geophysical data","volume":"88","author":"Brunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2113\/gssgfbull.178.2.89","article-title":"Remote-sensing techniques for analysing landslide kinematics: A review","volume":"178","author":"Delacourt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2554","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052554","article-title":"Interpretation of aerial photographs and satellite SAR interferometry for the inventory of landslides","volume":"5","author":"Strozzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"337","article-title":"Detection of landslide areas using satellite radar interferometry","volume":"66","author":"Kimura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062590","article-title":"Supervised method of landslide inventory using panchromatic SPOT5 images and application to the earthquake-triggered landslides of Pisco (Peru, 2007, Mw8.0)","volume":"5","author":"Lacroix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031024","article-title":"River courses affected by landslides and implications for hazard assessment: A high resolution remote sensing case study in NE Iraq\u2013W Iran","volume":"5","author":"Othman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration Available online: http:\/\/disc2.nascom.nasa.gov\/Giovanni\/tovas\/rain.GPCP.2.shtml."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/waterscience.blogfa.com."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Geological Survey of Iran Available online: http:\/\/gsi.ir\/States\/Lang_en\/StateId_51\/Action_LastUpdate\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanssen, R.F. (2001). Radar Interferometry: Data Interpretation and Error Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47633-9"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1029\/97RG03139","article-title":"Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth\u2019s surface","volume":"36","author":"Massonnet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-005-0003-2","article-title":"Survey and monitoring of landslide displacements by means of L-band satellite SAR interferometry","volume":"2","author":"Strozzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5062704","article-title":"Characterization of landslide deformations in three gorges area using multiple InSAR data stacks","volume":"5","author":"Tantianuparp","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2013.782111","article-title":"A TerraSAR-X InSAR study of landslides in southern Kyrgyzstan, Central Asia","volume":"4","author":"Motagh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1029\/1999GL900262","article-title":"Monitoring very slow slope movements by means of SAR interferometry: A case study from a mass waste above a reservoir in the \u00d6tztal Alps, Austria","volume":"26","author":"Rott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Zebker, H., Segall, P., and Kampes, B. (2004). A new method for measuring deformation on volcanoes and other natural terrains using InSAR persistent scatterers. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021737"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A., Segall, P., and Zebker, H. (2007). Persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar for crustal deformation analysis, with application to Volc\u00e1n Alcedo, Gal\u00e1pagos. J. Geophys. Res., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004763"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031045","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Tofani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.803792","article-title":"A new algorithm for surface deformation monitoring based on small baseline differential SAR interferograms","volume":"40","author":"Berardino","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00024-007-0192-9","article-title":"An overview of the small baseline subset algorithm: A DInSAR technique for surface deformation analysis","volume":"164","author":"Lanari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2170952","article-title":"Improved ground subsidence monitoring using small baseline SAR interferograms and a weighted least squares inversion algorithm","volume":"9","author":"Akbari","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Lichtenegger, H., and Collins, J. (1993). Global Positioning System. Theory and Practice, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-5126-6"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.5081\/jgps.4.1.184","article-title":"A demonstrative GPS-aided automatic landslide monitoring system in sichuan province","volume":"4","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Glob. Position. Syst"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(99)00127-1","article-title":"Using Global Positioning System techniques in landslide monitoring","volume":"55","author":"Gili","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.01.015","article-title":"Differential single-frequency GPS monitoring of the La Valette landslide (French Alps)","volume":"79","author":"Squarzoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2006.03246.x","article-title":"Land subsidence in Mashhad Valley, northeast Iran: Results from InSAR, levelling and GPS","volume":"168","author":"Motagh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-010-0225-9","article-title":"Integration of GPS with InSAR to monitoring of the Jiaju landslide in Sichuan, China","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strozzi, T., Delaloye, R., K\u00e4\u00e4b, A., Ambrosi, C., Perruchoud, E., and Wegm\u00fcller, U. (2010). Combined observations of rock mass movements using satellite SAR interferometry, differential GPS, airborne digital photogrammetry, and airborne photography interpretation. J. Geophys. Res., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JF001311"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kampes, B., Hanssen, R., and Perski, Z. (2003, January 1\u20135). Radar Interferometry with Public Domain Tools. Frascati, Italy. Available online: http:\/\/earth.esa.int\/fringe03\/proceedings\/papers\/22_kampes.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farr, T.G., and Kobrick, M. (2007). The shuttle radar topography mission. Rev. Geophys, 45.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005RG000183"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8113","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC03179","article-title":"Precise orbit determination and gravity field improvement for the ERS satellites","volume":"103","author":"Scharroo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooper, A. (2008). A multi-temporal InSAR method incorporating both persistent scatterer and small baseline approaches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL034654"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"National Geodetic Survey Available online: http:\/\/www.ngs.noaa.gov\/orbits\/orbit_data.shtml."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3189\/002214307783258512","article-title":"Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep-drilling site, Antarctica","volume":"53","author":"Wesche","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Glaciol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-0273(00)00238-9","article-title":"GPS monitoring of crustal deformation at Taal Volcano, Philippines","volume":"105","author":"Lowry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1144\/0016-764905-031","article-title":"Active deformation within the Zagros mountains deduced from GPS measurements","volume":"163","author":"Hessami","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900351","article-title":"Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus","volume":"105","author":"McClusky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langbein, J. (2008). Noise in GPS displacement measurements from Southern California and Southern Nevada. J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth, 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB005247"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.01.023","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of the SBAS algorithm performance for surface deformation retrieval from DInSAR data","volume":"102","author":"Casu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Iran Water Resources Management Company Available online: http:\/\/wnkh.ir\/showpage.aspx?pgid=8&ids=29&?."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/3681\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:13Z","timestamp":1760219293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/3681"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5083681"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5083681","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,25]]}}}