{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:20:08Z","timestamp":1770700808629,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thermal remote sensing of soil moisture in vineyards is a challenge. The  grass-covered soil, in addition to a standing grape canopy, create complex patterns of heating and cooling and increase the surface temperature variability between vine rows. In this study, we evaluate the strength of relationships between soil moisture, mechanical resistance and thermal inertia calculated from the drop of surface temperature during a clear sky night over a vineyard in the Niagara region. We utilized data from two sensors, an airborne thermal camera (height \u2248 500 m a.g.l.) and a handheld thermal gun (height \u2248 1 m a.g.l.), to explore the effects of different field of views and the high inter-row temperature variability. Spatial patterns of soil moisture correlated more with estimated thermal inertia than with surface temperature recorded at sunrise or sunset. Despite the coarse resolution of airborne thermal inertia images, it performed better than estimates from the handheld thermal gun. Between-row variation was further analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. Despite the limited spatial variability of soil properties within a single vineyard, the magnitudes of the model coefficients for soil moisture and mechanical resistance are encouraging indicators of the utility of thermal inertia in vineyard management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]],"date-time":"2013-07-30T11:31:56Z","timestamp":1375183916000},"page":"3729-3748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture in Vineyards Using Airborne and Ground-Based Thermal Inertia Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Aiman","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CUNY Environmental Crossroads Initiative, The City College of New York, New York,  NY 10031, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Brenning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,  ON N2G3G1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ontario Agriculture College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Managing variability in viticultural production","volume":"427","author":"Bramley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Austr. 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