{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:37:46Z","timestamp":1768462666496,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long-term Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data set generated from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) has been widely used to monitor vegetation activity change. The third version of NDVI (NDVI3g) produced by the Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) group was released recently. The comparisons between the new and old versions should be conducted for linking existing studies with future applications of NDVI3g in monitoring vegetation activity change. Based on simple and piecewise linear regression methods, this study made a comparative analysis between NDVIg and NDVI3g for monitoring vegetation activity change and its responses to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during 1982\u20132008. Our results indicated that there were large differences between NDVIg and NDVI3g in the spatial patterns for both the overall changing trends and the timing of Turning Points (TP) in NDVI time series, which spread over almost the entire study region. The average NDVI trend from NDVI3g was almost twice as great as that from NDVIg and the detected average timing of TP from NDVI3g was about one year later. Although the general spatial patterns were consistent between two data sets for detecting the responses of growing-season NDVI to temperature and precipitation changes, there were large differences in the response magnitude, with a higher response magnitude to temperature in NDVI3g and an opposite response to precipitation change for the two data sets. These results demonstrated that the NDVIg data set may underestimate the vegetation activity change trend and its response to climate change in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during the past  three decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5084031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]],"date-time":"2013-08-12T11:44:25Z","timestamp":1376307865000},"page":"4031-4044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Comparative Analysis between GIMSS NDVIg and NDVI3g for Monitoring Vegetation Activity Change in the Northern Hemisphere during 1982\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Nan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenquan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhoutao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deqin","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.1995.tb00008.x","article-title":"Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle","volume":"1","author":"Schimel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/30460","article-title":"Dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling to global climate change","volume":"393","author":"Cao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5388.442","article-title":"A large terrestrial carbon sink in north America implied by atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide data and models","volume":"282","author":"Fan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.290.5495.1342","article-title":"Regional changes in carbon dioxide fluxes of land and oceans since 1980","volume":"290","author":"Bousquet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2002)012[0891:FCSITN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Forest carbon sinks in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"12","author":"Goodale","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2010.06.008","article-title":"Can we reconcile atmospheric estimates of the Northern terrestrial carbon sink with land-based accounting?","volume":"2","author":"Ciais","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Env. Sust"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1146663","article-title":"Amazon forests green-up during 2005 drought","volume":"318","author":"Saleska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D14101","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012752","article-title":"Recent trends in changes of vegetation over East Asia coupled with temperature and rainfall variations","volume":"115","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L5401","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL042154","article-title":"Amazon forests did not green-up during the 2005 drought","volume":"37","author":"Samanta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014425108","article-title":"Spring temperature change and its implication in the change of vegetation growth in North America from 1982 to 2006","volume":"108","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6145","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03603","article-title":"Interannual variations in satellite-sensed vegetation index data from 1981 to 1991","volume":"103","author":"Myneni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.05.012","article-title":"Global evaluation of four AVHRR-NDVI data sets: Intercomparison and assessment against Landsat imagery","volume":"115","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020845","article-title":"Assessing performance of NDVI and NDVI3g in monitoring leaf unfolding dates of the deciduous broadleaf forest in Northern China","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020927","article-title":"Global data sets of Vegetation Leaf Area Index (LAI)3g and Fraction of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR)3g derived from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI3g) for the period 1981 to 2011","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1836","article-title":"Temperature and vegetation seasonality diminishment over northern lands","volume":"3","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168608948945","article-title":"Characteristics of maximum-value composite images for temporal AVHRR data","volume":"7","author":"Holben","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"L2207","article-title":"Piecewise linear fitting and trend changing points of climate parameters","volume":"31","author":"Miranda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1974.1100705","article-title":"A new look at the statistical model identification","volume":"19","author":"Akaike","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.2.297","article-title":"Regression and time series model selection in small samples","volume":"76","author":"Hurvich","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2000)013<1037:CONHTP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Comments on \u201cNorthern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns during extreme phases of the zonal-mean circulation\u201d","volume":"13","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clim"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1175\/2010EI315.1","article-title":"Circumpolar Arctic tundra vegetation change is linked to sea ice decline","volume":"14","author":"Bhatt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Interact"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x","article-title":"Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2004.834805","article-title":"Trend analysis of the Pathfinder AVHRR Land (PAL) NDVI data for the deserts of Central Asia","volume":"1","author":"Debeurs","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.02.002","article-title":"NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China","volume":"16","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1210423110","article-title":"Green-up dates in the Tibetan Plateau have continuously advanced from 1982 to 2011","volume":"110","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020664","article-title":"Assessing land degradation\/recovery in the African Sahel from long-term earth observation based primary productivity and precipitation relationships","volume":"5","author":"Fensholt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031117","article-title":"Shifts in global vegetation activity trends","volume":"5","author":"Rogier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031258","article-title":"Structural uncertainty in model-simulated trends of global Gross Primary Production","volume":"5","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031484","article-title":"Global latitudinal-asymmetric vegetation growth trends and their driving mechanisms: 1982\u20132009","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020982","article-title":"Length of growing period over Africa: Variability and trends from 30 years of NDVI time series","volume":"5","author":"Vrieling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.853936","article-title":"Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations","volume":"44","author":"Heinsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00061-9","article-title":"A global terrestrial monitoring network integrating tower fluxes, flask sampling, ecosystem modeling and EOS satellite data","volume":"70","author":"Running","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(99)00058-9","article-title":"An approach to spatially distributed modeling of net primary production (NPP) at the landscape scale and its application in validation of EOS NPP products","volume":"70","author":"Reich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/4031\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:48:34Z","timestamp":1760219314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/8\/4031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5084031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5084031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,12]]}}}