{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T13:41:00Z","timestamp":1781098860212,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument aboard the Terra satellite acquires imagery at 275-m resolution at nine angles ranging from 0\u00b0 (nadir) to 70\u00b0 off-nadir. This multi-angle capability facilitates the stereoscopic retrieval of heights and motion vectors for clouds and aerosol plumes. MISR\u2019s operational stereo product uses this capability to retrieve cloud heights and winds for every satellite orbit, yielding global coverage every nine days. The MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) visualization and analysis tool complements the operational stereo product by providing users the ability to retrieve heights and winds locally for detailed studies of smoke, dust and volcanic ash plumes, as well as clouds, at higher spatial resolution and with greater precision than is possible with the operational product or with other space-based, passive, remote sensing instruments. This ability to investigate plume geometry and dynamics is becoming increasingly important as climate and air quality studies require greater knowledge about the injection of aerosols and the location of clouds within the atmosphere. MINX incorporates features that allow users to customize their stereo retrievals for optimum results under varying aerosol and underlying surface conditions. This paper discusses the stereo retrieval algorithms and retrieval options in MINX, and provides appropriate examples to explain how the program can be used to achieve the best results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T12:31:17Z","timestamp":1379421077000},"page":"4593-4628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Stereoscopic Height and Wind Retrievals for Aerosol Plumes with the MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Raytheon Company, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1374-5074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Garay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Dunst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles,  Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-613-2006","article-title":"A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-5225-2006","article-title":"Radiative forcing by aerosols as derived from the AeroCom present-day and pre-industrial simulations","volume":"6","author":"Schulz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.031208.100032","article-title":"Nature and climate effects of individual tropospheric aerosol particles","volume":"38","author":"Buseck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2009.05.032","article-title":"Evaluating inter-continental transport of fine aerosols: (2) Global health impact","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0273(94)90038-8","article-title":"The 1989\u20131990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano, Alaska: Impacts on aircraft operations","volume":"62","author":"Casadevall","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L04809","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032165","article-title":"Wildfire smoke injection heights\u2014Two perspectives from space","volume":"35","author":"Kahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6559","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-6559-2009","article-title":"The sensitivity of CO and aerosol transport to the temporal and vertical distribution of North American boreal fire emissions","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6043","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD03426","article-title":"Global sensitivity studies of the direct radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate and black carbon aerosols","volume":"103","author":"Haywood","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11202","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008003","article-title":"Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow","volume":"112","author":"Flanner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D20203","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018019","article-title":"Sensitivity of scattering and absorbing aerosol direct radiative forcing to physical climate factors","volume":"117","author":"Ocko","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1981)062<0194:SOFGSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Stereographic observations from geosynchronous satellites: An important new tool for the atmospheric sciences","volume":"62","author":"Hasler","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1109\/36.700992","article-title":"Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument description and experiment overview","volume":"36","author":"Diner","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D11205","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007647","article-title":"Aerosol source plume physical characteristics from space-based multiangle imaging","volume":"112","author":"Kahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<0591:FAEAOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Feasibility and error analysis of cloud motion wind extraction from near-simultaneous multiangle MISR measurements","volume":"18","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"821","article-title":"Photogrammetric retrieval of cloud advection and top height from the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR)","volume":"68","author":"Zong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801150","article-title":"Operational retrieval of cloud-top heights using MISR data","volume":"40","author":"Moroney","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801160","article-title":"MISR stereoscopic image matchers: Techniques and results","volume":"40","author":"Muller","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-2641-2011","article-title":"Characteristics of CALIOP attenuated backscatter noise: Implication for cloud\/aerosol detection","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D00A19","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009837","article-title":"Global Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud detection and height evaluation using CALIOP","volume":"113","author":"Holz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.08.014","article-title":"A data-mining approach to associating MISR smoke plume heights with MODIS fire measurements","volume":"107","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D21206","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD014384","article-title":"Study of the formation of the black cloud and its dynamics over Cairo, Egypt, using MODIS and MISR sensors","volume":"115","author":"Marey","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2027114","article-title":"MISR stereo heights of grassland fire smoke plumes in Australia","volume":"48","author":"Mims","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D08209","DOI":"10.1029\/2010JD015148","article-title":"Dynamics of fire plumes and smoke clouds associated with peat and deforestation fires in Indonesia","volume":"116","author":"Tosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-10-1491-2010","article-title":"Smoke injection heights from fires in North America: Analysis of 5 years of satellite observations","volume":"10","author":"Logan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"D22204","article-title":"Space-based observational constraints for 1-D fire smoke plume-rise models","volume":"117","author":"Kahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"MISR Plume Height Project. Available online: http:\/\/www-misr.jpl.nasa.gov\/getData\/accessData\/MisrMinxPlumes\/."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D24210","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD013162","article-title":"Three-dimensional volcanic aerosol dispersal: A comparison between Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data and numerical simulations","volume":"115","author":"Scollo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.05.021","article-title":"Simulations of the 2010 Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcanic ash dispersal over Europe using COSMO-MUSCAT","volume":"48","author":"Heinold","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06210","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016625","article-title":"MISR observations of Etna volcanic plumes","volume":"117","author":"Scollo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9459","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-9459-2012","article-title":"Eyjafjallj\u00f6kull volcano plume particle-type characterization from space-based multi-angle imaging","volume":"12","author":"Kahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2012.09.008","article-title":"A multi-sensor plume height analysis of the 2009 redoubt eruption","volume":"259","author":"Ekstrand","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naud, C., Muller, J.-P., and Clothiaux, E.E. (2002). Comparison of cloud top heights derived from MISR stereo and MODIS CO2-slicing. Geophys. Res. Lett.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015460"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2415","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-23-2415-2005","article-title":"Intercomparison of multiple years of MODIS, MISR and radar cloud-top heights","volume":"23","author":"Naud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Geophys"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06204","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007091","article-title":"An assessment of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) stereo-derived cloud top heights and cloud top winds using ground-based radar, lidar, and microwave radiometers","volume":"112","author":"Marchand","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18204","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009975","article-title":"Comparison of marine stratocumulus cloud top heights in the southeastern Pacific retrieved from satellites with coincident ship-based observations","volume":"113","author":"Garay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801584","article-title":"Performance of the MISR instrument during its first 20 months in Earth orbit","volume":"40","author":"Diner","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801152","article-title":"The Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer science data system, its products, tools, and performance","volume":"40","author":"Bothwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"MISR Data Information. Available online: https:\/\/eosweb.larc.nasa.gov\/project\/misr\/misr_table."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"NASA\u2019s Earth Observing System. Available online: http:\/\/eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov\/atbd-category\/45."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"MISR Data Products Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/eosweb.larc.nasa.gov\/project\/misr\/dps."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1109\/36.701079","article-title":"MISR photogrammetric data reduction for geophysical retrievals","volume":"36","author":"Jovanovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.09.023","article-title":"Cloud motion vectors from MISR using sub-pixel enhancements","volume":"107","author":"Davies","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"EXELIS Visual Data Solutions Available online: http:\/\/www.exelisvis.com\/ProductsServices\/IDL.aspx."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Open Channel Foundation: MINX-MISR Interactive eXplorer. Available online: http:\/\/www.openchannelsoftware.com\/projects\/MINX."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.06.021","article-title":"An operational MISR pixel classifier using support vector machines","volume":"107","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00076-7","article-title":"The MODIS fire products","volume":"83","author":"Justice","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00184-6","article-title":"An enhanced contextual fire detection algorithm for MODIS","volume":"87","author":"Giglio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"MINX PDF Documentation\u20146 Files. Available online: https:\/\/www.openchannelsoftware.com\/orders\/index.php?group_id=366."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708909","DOI":"10.1117\/12.795087","article-title":"Example applications of the MISR INteractive eXplorer (MINX) software tool to wildfire smoke plume analyses","volume":"7089","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.08.013","article-title":"Multi-angle geometric processing for globally geo-located and co-registered MISR image data","volume":"107","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801143","article-title":"MISR in-flight camera geometric model calibration and georectification performance","volume":"40","author":"Jovanovic","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.801146","article-title":"Use of stereo-matching to coregister multiangle data from MISR","volume":"40","author":"Moroney","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06207","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD007170","article-title":"Mineral dust emission from the Bod\u00e9l\u00e9 Depression, northern Chad, during BoDEx 2005","volume":"112","author":"Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L06122","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL019338","article-title":"Direct wind measurements of Saharan dust events from Terra and Aqua satellites","volume":"31","author":"Koren","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279601","article-title":"Bifurcation of volcanic plumes in a crosswind","volume":"56","author":"Ernst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Volcanol"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"NASA Earth Observatory Available online: http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1175\/2010BAMS3004.1","article-title":"The untold story of pyrocumulonimbus","volume":"91","author":"Fromm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/9\/4593\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:22Z","timestamp":1760219362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/9\/4593"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5094593"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5094593","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]}}}