{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:06:59Z","timestamp":1779235619504,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]],"date-time":"2013-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Net radiation is a key component of the energy balance, whose estimation accuracy has an impact on energy flux estimates from satellite data. In typical remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms, the outgoing shortwave and longwave components of net radiation are obtained from remote sensing data, while the incoming shortwave (RS) and longwave (RL) components are typically estimated from weather data using empirical equations. This study evaluates the accuracy of empirical equations commonly used in remote sensing ET algorithms for estimating RS and RL radiation. Evaluation is carried out through comparison of estimates and observations at five sites that represent different climatic regions from humid to arid. Results reveal (1) both RS and RL estimates from all evaluated equations well correlate with observations (R2 \u2265 0.92),  (2) RS estimating equations tend to overestimate, especially at higher values, (3) RL estimating equations tend to give more biased values in arid and semi-arid regions, (4) a model that parameterizes the diffuse component of radiation using two clearness indices and a simple model that assumes a linear increase of atmospheric transmissivity with elevation give better RS estimates, and (5) mean relative absolute errors in the net radiation (Rn) estimates caused by the use of RS and RL estimating equations varies from 10% to 22%. This study suggests that Rn estimates using recommended incoming radiation estimating equations could improve ET estimates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5104735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]],"date-time":"2013-09-25T12:47:40Z","timestamp":1380113260000},"page":"4735-4752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evaluation of Clear-Sky Incoming Radiation Estimating Equations Typically Used in Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mekonnen","family":"Gebremichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Road, Storrs,  CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7723-5412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Illinois State Water Survey, UIUC, 2204 Griffith, Champaign, IL 61820, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Sammis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces,  NM 88003, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alecia","family":"Nickless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Processes and Dynamics, CSIR, PO Box 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030703","article-title":"A MODIS-based energy balance to estimate evapotranspiration for clear-sky days in Brazilian tropical savannas","volume":"4","author":"Ruhoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2040926","article-title":"Non-lambertian corrected albedo and vegetation index for estimating land evapotranspiration in a heterogeneous semi-arid landscape","volume":"2","author":"Mariotto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3776","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083776","article-title":"Application of Landsat to evaluate effects of irrigation forbearance","volume":"5","author":"Cuenca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3796","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4123796","article-title":"Estimation of evapotranspiration from fields with and without cover crops using remote sensing and in situ methods","volume":"4","author":"Hankerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(98)00070-7","article-title":"Data error effects on net radiation and evapotranspiration estimation","volume":"91","author":"Llasat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Agric. 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