{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:05:10Z","timestamp":1771841110550,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earth Observation is a powerful tool for the detection of floods. Microwave sensors are typically favored as they deliver data enabling water detection independent of solar illumination or cloud cover conditions. However, scale issues play an important role in radar based flood mapping. Depending on the flood related phenomenon under investigation, some sensors might be more suitable than others. In this study, we elucidate flood mapping at different spatial scale investigating the capability of Envisat ASAR Wide Swath Mode data at 150 m spatial resolution, as well as TerraSAR-X Scansar and Stripmap data at 8.25 m and 2.5 m resolution to especially assess urban flooding. For this purpose, we evaluate the results of automated multi-temporal water extraction from data sources of different scale against other parameters, such as settlement density, also taking a highly accurate building layer digitized from Quickbird data into consideration. Results reveal  that while Envisat ASAR WSM derived flood maps are suitable to support the understanding of general flood patterns in a larger region, high resolution data of sensors such as TerraSAR-X is needed to truly assess urban flooding. However, even radar data of high spatial resolution still shows limitations; mainly in regions with a dense accumulation of corner reflectors leading to effects of layover, foreshortening, and shadowing, and hence the \u201cover radiation\u201d of flood affected areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5105122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T13:39:40Z","timestamp":1382017180000},"page":"5122-5142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Varying Scale and Capability of Envisat ASAR-WSM, TerraSAR-X Scansar and TerraSAR-X Stripmap Data to Assess Urban Flood Situations: A Case Study of the Mekong Delta in Can Tho Province"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Kuenzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Centre, DFD, German Earth Observation Center, EOC,  German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huadong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences,  CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of T\u00fcbingen, D-72074 T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vo","family":"Tuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Resource Department, Can Tho University, CTU, Can Tho Citye, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences,  CAS, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Remote Sensing Data Centre, DFD, German Earth Observation Center, EOC,  German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"148","article-title":"Flood and coastal zone monitoring in bangladesh with radarsat ScanSAR: Technical experience and institutional challenges","volume":"21","author":"Werle","year":"2001","journal-title":"John Hopkins APL Tech. Dig"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-004-8891-3","article-title":"Global perspectives on loss of human life caused by floods","volume":"34","author":"Jonkman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Long, N.T., and Trong, B.D. (2001, January 5\u20139). Flood Monitoring of Mekong River Delta, Vietnam using ERS SAR Data. Singapore."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199708)11:10<1409::AID-HYP531>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"The contribution of spaceborne SAR and optical data in monitoring flood events. Examples in northern and southern France","volume":"11","author":"Tholey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"525","article-title":"Flood monitoring, mapping and assessing capabilities using RADARSAT remote sensing, GIS and ground data for Bangladesh","volume":"58","author":"Hoque","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500486724","article-title":"Envisat multi-polarized ASAR data for flood mapping","volume":"27","author":"Henry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7291","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.700421","article-title":"Multi-sensoral and automated derivation of inundated areas using TerraSAR-X and Envisat ASAR data","volume":"33","author":"Gstaiger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5020687","article-title":"Flood mapping and flood dynamics of the Mekong Delta: An ENVISAT-ASAR-WSM based time series analyses","volume":"5","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.750037","article-title":"Comparison and optimisation of MODIS cloud mask products for South East Asia","volume":"34","author":"Leinenkugel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Kussul, N., Shelestov, A., and Skakun, S (2011). Use of Satellite and In situ Data to Improve Sustainability, Kussul."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Kuehn, S., Benz, Hurley, J., and Hurley, U. (2002, January 24\u201328). Efficient Flood Monitoring Based on RADARSAT-1 Images Data and Information Fusion with Object-Oriented Technology. Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2003.08.016","article-title":"Effects of seasonal hydrologic patterns in south Florida wetlands on radar backscatter measured from ERS-2 SAR imagery","volume":"88","author":"Kasischke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500442438","article-title":"Applications of Radarsat-1 synthetic aperture radar imagery to assess hurricane-related flooding of coastal Louisiana","volume":"26","author":"Kiage","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.026","article-title":"Assessment of C-band synthetic aperture radar data for mapping and monitoring Coastal Plain forested wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Region, U.S.A","volume":"112","author":"Lang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2006.11.012","article-title":"Mapping of flood dynamics and spatial distribution of vegetation in the Amazon floodplain using multitemporal SAR data","volume":"108","author":"Martinez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199708)11:10<1415::AID-HYP532>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Assessment of the mapping capabilities of ERS-1 SAR data for flood mapping: A case study in Germany","volume":"11","author":"Oberstadler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.12.002","article-title":"Flood monitoring using multi-temporal COSMO-SkyMed data: Image segmentation and signature interpretation","volume":"115","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.03.005","article-title":"The coregistration, calibration, and interpretation of multiseason JERS-1 SAR data over South America","volume":"90","author":"Siqueira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"857","article-title":"Mapping seasonal flooding in forested wetlands using multi-temporal radarsat SAR","volume":"67","author":"Townsend","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.01.011","article-title":"Detecting temporal changes in the extent of annual flooding within the Cambodia and the Vietnamese Mekong Delta from MODIS time-series imagery","volume":"109","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"190","article-title":"Delineating flood risk areas in Greater Dhaka of Bangladesh using geoinformatics","volume":"1","author":"Dewan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.9790\/3021-02634351","article-title":"Urban flood mapping by geospatial technique a case study of Surat City","volume":"2","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IOSR J. Eng"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"92","article-title":"Assessing urbanisation effects on rainfall-runoff using a remote sensing supported modelling strategy","volume":"21","author":"Verbeiren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2029236","article-title":"Flood detection in urban areas using TerraSAR-X","volume":"48","author":"Mason","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Bocheneck, Z. (2007). New Developments and Challenges in Remote Sensing, MillPress."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6343","article-title":"Use of fused airborne scanning laser altimetry and digital map data for urban flood modelling","volume":"1447","author":"Mason","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.04.039","article-title":"The accuracy of sequential aerial photography and SAR data for observing urban flood dynamics, a case study of the UK summer 2007 floods","volume":"115","author":"Schumann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., Campbell, I., Leinenkugel, L., Roch, M., and Dech, S (2012). Understanding upstream-downstream relations in the mekong basin in the context of hydropower developments. Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2012.738946","article-title":"Remote sensing of rice crop areas\u2014A review","volume":"34","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041603","article-title":"Evaluation of soil moisture retrieval from the ERS and metop scatterometers in the lower mekong basin","volume":"5","author":"Naeimi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renaud, F., and Kuenzer, C. (2012). The Mekong Delta System: Interdisciplinary Analyses of a River Delta, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-3962-8"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Kuenzer, C., Liu, G., Renaud, F., Ottinger, M., and Dech, S (November, January 31). Asian River Deltas Experiencing Slow-Onset Hazards: Vulnerability, Resilience and Adaptation to Environmental Degradation and Climate Change. Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.06.004","article-title":"Settlement detection and impervious surface estimation in the Mekong delta using optical and SAR data","volume":"115","author":"Leinenkugel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3050878","article-title":"Remote sensing of mangrove ecosystems: A review","volume":"3","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.04.022","article-title":"Review of valuation methods for mangrove ecosystem services","volume":"23","author":"Kuenzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ecol. Indic"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"183","article-title":"Remote sensing in mapping mangrove ecosystems\u2014An object-based approach","volume":"5","author":"Oppelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2092060","article-title":"Flood risk mapping using LiDAR for annopolis royal, Nova Scotia, Canada","volume":"2","author":"Webster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2092240","article-title":"A hierarchial spatio temporal markov model for improved flood mapping using multi-temporal X-Band SAR data","volume":"2","author":"Martinis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4092530","article-title":"Land cover and land use classification with TWOPAC: Towards automated processing for pixel and object based image classification","volume":"4","author":"Huth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041498","article-title":"Water body distribution across scales: A remote sensing based comparison of three artic tundra wetlands","volume":"5","author":"Muster","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3110","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4103110","article-title":"Estimating coatal laggoon tidal flooding and repletion with multidate ASTER thermal images","volume":"4","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/10\/5122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:49:55Z","timestamp":1760219395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/10\/5122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5105122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5105122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]]}}}