{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:53:25Z","timestamp":1761663205130,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]],"date-time":"2013-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The airborne downward looking sparse linear array three dimensional synthetic aperture radar (DLSLA 3-D SAR) operates nadir observation with the along-track synthetic aperture formulated by platform movement and the cross-track synthetic aperture formulated by physical sparse linear array. Considering the lack of DLSLA 3-D SAR data in the current preliminary study stage, it is very important and essential to develop DLSLA 3-D SAR simulation (echo generation simulation and image reconstruction simulation, including point targets simulation and 3-D distributed scene simulation). In this paper, DLSLA 3-D SAR imaging geometry, the echo signal model and the heterogeneous parallel technique are discussed first. Then, heterogeneous parallel echo generation simulation with time domain correlation and the frequency domain correlation method is described. In the following, heterogeneous parallel image reconstruction simulation with two imaging algorithms, e.g., 3-D polar format algorithm, polar formatting and L1 regularization algorithm is discussed. Finally, the point targets and the 3-D distributed scene simulation are demonstrated to validate the effectiveness and performance of our proposed heterogeneous parallel simulation technique. The 3-D distributed scene employs airborne X-band DEM and P-band Circular SAR image of the same area as simulation scene input.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5105304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,23]],"date-time":"2013-10-23T07:45:42Z","timestamp":1382514342000},"page":"5304-5329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Airborne Downward Looking Sparse Linear Array 3-D SAR Heterogeneous Parallel Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xueming","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weixian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Carrara, W.G., Goodman, R.S., and Majewski, R.M. (1995). Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Soumketh, M (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Jakowatz, C.V., Wahl, D.E., Eichel, P.H., Ghihlia, D.C., and Thompson, P.A. A (1999). Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Weib, M., and Ender, J.H.G. A 3D Imaging Radar for Small Unmanned Airplanes-ARTINO. Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nouvel, J.F., Jeuland, H., Bonin, G., Roques, S., Plessis, D., and Peyret, J (August, January 31). A Ka Band Imaging Radar: DRIVE on Board ONERA Motorglider. Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083681","article-title":"Slope stability assessment of the sarcheshmeh landslide, Northeast Iran, investigated using inSAR and GPS observations","volume":"5","author":"Akbarimehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094719","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of surface motions in active open pit Iron mine in the Amazon region, using persistent scatterer interferometry with TerraSAR-X satellite data","volume":"5","author":"Hartwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020305","article-title":"Spaceborne differential SAR interferometry: Data analysis tools for deformation measurement","volume":"3","author":"Crosetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031045","article-title":"Persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Tofani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041624","article-title":"Segmentation based classification of 3D urban point clouds: A super-voxel based approach with evaluation","volume":"5","author":"Aijazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4030745","article-title":"A phase-offset estimation method for inSAR DEM generation based on phase-offset functions","volume":"4","author":"Mura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4072133","article-title":"C-band SAR imagery for snow-cover monitoring at Treeline, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada","volume":"4","author":"Pivot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"259","article-title":"On a concept for an airborne downward-looking imaging radar","volume":"53","author":"Gierull","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Electron Commun"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Nouvel, J.F., Roques, S., and Plessis, O.R. A Low-cost Imaging Radar: DRIVE on Board ONERA Motorglider. Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nouvel, J.F., Angelliaume, S., and Du Plessis, O.R. (2008, January 30\u201331). The ONERA Compact Ka-SAR. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUMC.2008.4751785"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Plessis, O.R., Nouvel, J.F., Baque, R., Bonin, G., Dreuillet, P., Coulombeix, C., and Oriot, H. ONERA SAR Facilities. Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Klare, J.M., Weib, M., Peters, O., Brenner, R., and Ender, J.H.G. ARTINO: A New High Resolution 3D Imaging Radar System on an Autonomous Airborne Platform. Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Weiss, M., Peters, O., and Ender, J. A Three Dimensional SAR System on an UAV. Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Weiss, M., Peters, O., and Ender, J (2008, January 2\u20135). First Flight Trials with ARTINO. Friedrichshafen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Weiss, M., and Gilles, M (2010, January 7\u201310). Initial ARTINO Radar Experiments. Aachen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"943","article-title":"Airborne downward-looking MIMO 3D-SAR imaging algorithm based on cross-track thinned array","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1146.2012.01287","article-title":"Fast wavenumber domain imaging algorithm for airborne downward-looking array 3D-SAR based on region of interest pick","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Electron. Inf. Technol"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhang, D.G., and Zhang, X.L. (2009, January 26\u201330). Downward-looking 3-D Linear Array SAR Imaging Based on Chirp Scaling Algorithm. Xi\u2019an, China."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4584","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2191293","article-title":"Signal processing for microwave array imaging: TDC and sparse recovery","volume":"50","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2050487","article-title":"Very high resolution spaceborne SAR tomography in urban environment","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3839","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2048117","article-title":"Tomographic SAR Inversion by L1-norm regularization, The Compressive Sensing Approach","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/8.855491","article-title":"3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques","volume":"48","author":"Sanchez","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER12011106","article-title":"Fast 3-D microwave imaging method based on subpaerture approximation","volume":"126","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER12051302","article-title":"Convolution back-projection imaging algorithm for downward-looking sparse linear array three dimensional synthetic aperture radar","volume":"129","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2001170","article-title":"Surface tracing based LASAR 3-D imaging method via multiresolution approximation","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Heterogeneous computation. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heterogeneouscomputing."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/36.124221","article-title":"SARAS: A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) raw signal simulator","volume":"30","author":"Franceschetti","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1109\/36.673686","article-title":"A novel across-track SAR interferometry simulator","volume":"36","author":"Franceschetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Peng, X.M., Wang, Y.P., Tan, W.X., Hong, W., and Wu, Y.R. (2013). IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., in press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Peng, X.M., Wang, Y.P., Tan, W.X., Hong, W., and Wu, Y.R. (2013). Airborne DLSLA 3-D SAR Image Reconstruction by Combination of Polar Formatting and L1 Regularization. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., in press."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"CPU. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CPU."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"GPU. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GPU."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"CUDA C Programming Guide. Available online: http:\/\/docs.nvidia.com\/cuda\/cuda-c-programming-guide\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"CUDA C Best Practices Guide. Available online: http:\/\/docs.nvidia.com\/cuda\/cuda-c-best-practices-guide\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerry, A.W. (2007). Wavefront Curvature Limitations and Compensation to Polar Format Processing for Synthetic Aperture Radar Images; Tech. Rep, Tech. Rep. AND2007\u20130046, Sandia Nat. Labs.","DOI":"10.2172\/902879"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2011.2173291","article-title":"Polar format algorithm wavefront curvature compensation under arbitrary radar flight path","volume":"9","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y., Hong, W., Tan, W.X., Wang, Y.P., and Xiang, M.S. (2012, January 22\u201327). Airborne Circular Sar Imaging: Results at P-band. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6352051"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3061104","article-title":"Heritage Recording and 3D modeling with photogrammetry and 3D scanning","volume":"3","author":"Remondino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3729","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083729","article-title":"Remote sensing of soil moisture in vineyards using airborne and ground-based thermal inertia Data","volume":"5","author":"Soliman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3040792","article-title":"Forest assessment using high resolution SAR data in X-band","volume":"3","author":"Perko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041681","article-title":"Building reconstruction using DSM and orthorectified images","volume":"5","author":"Arefi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4072076","article-title":"Road target search and tracking with gimballed vision sensor on an unmanned aerial vehicle","volume":"4","author":"Skoglar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4041090","article-title":"A real-time method to detect and track moving objects (DATMO) from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using a single camera","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/10\/5304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:03Z","timestamp":1760219403000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/10\/5304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5105304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5105304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,22]]}}}