{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:13:24Z","timestamp":1761394404665,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous navigation airborne forward-looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observes the anterior inferior wide area with a short cross-track dimensional linear array as azimuth aperture. This is an application scenario that is drastically different from that of side-looking space-borne or air-borne SAR systems, which acquires azimuth synthetic aperture with along-track dimension platform movement. High precision imaging with a combination of pseudo-polar formatting and overlapped sub-aperture algorithm for autonomous navigation airborne forward-looking SAR imaging is presented. With the suggested imaging method, range dimensional imaging is operated with wide band signal compression. Then, 2D pseudo-polar formatting is operated. In the following, azimuth synthetic aperture is divided into several overlapped sub-apertures. Intra sub-aperture IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform), wave front curvature phase error compensation, and inter sub-aperture IFFT are operated sequentially to finish azimuth high precision imaging. The main advantage of the proposed algorithm is its extremely high precision and low memory cost. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated with outdoor GBSAR (Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar) experiments, which possesses the same imaging geometry as the airborne forward-looking SAR (short azimuth aperture, wide azimuth swath). The profile response of the trihedral angle reflectors, placed in the imaging scene, reconstructed with the proposed imaging algorithm and back projection algorithm are compared and analyzed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5116063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T11:50:00Z","timestamp":1384516200000},"page":"6063-6078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Autonomous Navigation Airborne Forward-Looking SAR High Precision Imaging with Combination of Pseudo-Polar Formatting and Overlapped Sub-Aperture Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Xueming","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, A Yuquanlu, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Weixian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory (MITL), Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), No. 19, North 4th Ring West, Beijing 100190, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Carrara, W.G., Goodman, R.S., and Majewski, R.M. (1995). Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms, Artech House.","key":"ref_1"},{"unstructured":"Brooker, G. (2005). Long-Range Imaging Radar for Autonomous Navigation. Ph.D. Thesis,.","key":"ref_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000012598","article-title":"An all weather millimetre wave imaging radar for UAVs","volume":"105","author":"Britton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aeronaut. J"},{"unstructured":"Brooker, G. (2001, January 6\u20138). Autonomous Aircraft Navigation Using a Millimetre Wave Imaging Radar. Singapore.","key":"ref_4"},{"unstructured":"Brooker, G., and Carter, T. (September, January 30). A Millimetre Wave Radar Sensor for Autonomous Navigation and Landing. Melbourne, VIC, Australia.","key":"ref_5"},{"unstructured":"Clark, S. (1999). Autonomous Land Vehicle Navigation Using Millimetre Wave Radar. Ph.D. Thesis,.","key":"ref_6"},{"unstructured":"Korn, B., and Hecker, P. (2002, January 27\u201331). Enhanced and Synthetic Vision: Increasing Pilot\u2019s Situation Awareness under Adverse Weather Conditions. Irvine, CA, USA.","key":"ref_7"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Radar imaging with ALG\u2014The on-board low visibility landing aid","volume":"10","author":"Gray","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEE Aviat. Surveill. Syst"},{"unstructured":"Krieger, G., Mittermayer, M., Wendler, M., Witte, F., and Moreira, A. (2001, January 19\u201321). SIREV\u2014Sector Imaging Radar for Enhanced Vision. Pula, Croatia.","key":"ref_9"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3662","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083662","article-title":"Hybrid map-based navigation method for unmanned ground vehicle in urban Scenario","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"unstructured":"Soumketh, M. (1999). Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with MATLAB Algorithms, Wiley.","key":"ref_11"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1109\/36.298008","article-title":"Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling","volume":"32","author":"Raney","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/36.536528","article-title":"Extended chirp scaling algorithm for air- and spaceborne SAR data processing in stripmap and ScanSAR imaging modes","volume":"34","author":"Moreira","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2003.1238734","article-title":"Synthetic-aperture radar processing using fast factorized back-projection","volume":"39","author":"Ulander","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789617","article-title":"Spotlight SAR data processing using the frequency scaling algorithm","volume":"37","author":"Mittermayer","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2007908","article-title":"A fast and accurate far-field pseudopolar format radar imaging algorithm","volume":"47","author":"Fortuny","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"unstructured":"Meta, A., Hoogeboom, P., and Ligthart, L.P. (2006, January 24\u201327). Correction of The Effects Induced by the Continuous Motion in Airborne FMCW SAR. New York, NY, USA.","key":"ref_17"},{"unstructured":"Xueming, P., Weixian, T., Yanping, W., Wen, H., and Yirong, W. (November, January 29). Correction of Platform Motion Effects in Airborne Downward-looking Thinned Array 3D SAR. Nagoya, Japan.","key":"ref_18"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doerry, A.W. (1995). Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing with Tiered Subapertures. Ph.D. Thesis,.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.2172\/10161315"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xinhua, M., Daiyin, Z., Xin, N., and Zhaoda, Z. (2008, January 21\u201324). An overlapped subaperture polar format algorithm based on sub-chirp signals. NanJing, China.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMMT.2008.4540903"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2219033","article-title":"Azimuth overlapped subaperture algorithm in frequency domainfor highly squinted Synthetic Aperture Radar","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett"},{"unstructured":"Soumekh, M. (1995). Synthetic aperture radar signal processing with matlab algorithms, John Wiley & Son.","key":"ref_22"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5031045","article-title":"Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) technique for landslide characterization and monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Tofani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5083681","article-title":"Slope stability assessment of the sarcheshmeh landslide, Northeast Iran, investigated using inSAR and GPS observations","volume":"5","author":"Akbarimehr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020305","article-title":"Spaceborne differential SAR interferometry: Data analysis tools for deformation measurement","volume":"3","author":"Crosetto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4072133","article-title":"C-band SAR imagery for snow-cover monitoring at Treeline, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada","volume":"4","author":"Pivot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4719","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5094719","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of surface motions in active open pit Iron mine in the Amazon region, using persistent scatterer interferometry with TerraSAR-X satellite data","volume":"5","author":"Hartwig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/11\/6063\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:40Z","timestamp":1760219440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/11\/6063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5116063"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5116063","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]]}}}