{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:34:09Z","timestamp":1760243649309,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the lower efficiency and the larger wind direction error of traditional algorithms, a novel integrated wind retrieval algorithm is proposed for conically scanning scatterometers. The proposed algorithm has the dual advantages of less computational cost and higher wind direction retrieval accuracy by integrating the wind speed standard deviation (WSSD) algorithm and the wind direction interval retrieval (DIR) algorithm. It adopts wind speed standard deviation as a criterion for searching possible wind vector solutions and retrieving a potential wind direction interval based on the change rate of the wind speed standard deviation. Moreover, a modified three-step ambiguity removal method is designed to let more wind directions be selected in the process of nudging and filtering. The performance of the new algorithm is illustrated by retrieval experiments using 300 orbits of SeaWinds\/QuikSCAT L2A data (backscatter coefficients at 25 km resolution) and co-located buoy data. Experimental results indicate that the new algorithm can evidently enhance the wind direction retrieval accuracy, especially in the nadir region. In comparison with the SeaWinds L2B Version 2 25 km selected wind product (retrieved wind fields), an improvement of 5.1\u00b0 in wind direction retrieval can be made by the new algorithm for that region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]],"date-time":"2013-11-25T12:20:55Z","timestamp":1385382055000},"page":"6180-6197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Novel Integrated Algorithm for Wind Vector Retrieval from Conically Scanning Scatterometers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1261-7003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuetong","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-1913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Remote Sensing and GIS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingsen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youguo","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinzhe","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC05p03318","article-title":"The relationship between wind vector and normalized radar cross section used to derive SEASAT-A satellite scatterometer winds","volume":"87","author":"Schroeder","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1029\/JC087iC05p03297","article-title":"The SEASAT-A satellite scatterometer: The geophysical evaluation of remote sensed wind vectors over the ocean","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1029\/JC089iC03p03689","article-title":"A model function for ocean radar cross sections at 14.6 GHz","volume":"89","author":"Wentz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC02p02289","article-title":"New algorithms for microwave measurements of ocean winds: Application to seasat and the special sensor microwave imager","volume":"91","author":"Wentz","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Nghiem, S.V., Li, F.K., and Neumann, G. (1996, January 27\u201331). Ku-Band Ocean Backscatter Functions for Surface Wind Retrieval. Lincoln Nebraska, NE, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11499","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02148","article-title":"A model function for ocean radar cross sections at 14 GHz derived from NSCAT observations","volume":"104","author":"Wentz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1109\/36.3011","article-title":"A comparative study of several wind estimation algorithms for spaceborne scatterometers","volume":"26","author":"Chi","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1997)014<1298:SDIMSA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Scatterometer data interpretation: Measurement space and inversion","volume":"14","author":"Stoffelen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.862502","article-title":"On Bayesian scatterometer wind inversion","volume":"44","author":"Stoffelen","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Freilich, M.H. SeaWinds Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Available online: http:\/\/podaac.jpl.nasa.gov\/quikscat\/qscat-doc\/html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Xie, X.T., Fang, Y., Chen, X.X., and Chen, K.H. (2005, January 25\u201329). A New Fast Wind Vector Retrieval Algorithm for SeaWinds Scatterometer. Seoul, Korea."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1109\/36.981351","article-title":"Direction interval retrieval with thresholded nudging: A method for improving the accuracy of QuikSCAT winds","volume":"40","author":"Stiles","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X.T., Lin, M.S., Huang, Z., Zou, J.H., Tian, D.X., Liu, L.X., Wang, X.N., and Dong, S.W. (2010, January 25\u201330). A Modified Wind Vector Retrieval Algorithm for Polarimetric Scatterometer. Hawaii, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2010.5652189"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X.T., Lin, M.S., Chen, K.H., Huang, Z., Liu, L.X., Tian, D.X., Wang, X.N., Chen, W.X., He, R.R., and Zou, J.H. (2012, January 22\u201327). A Wind Direction Extension Based Algorithm for Scatterometer Wind Vector Retrieval. Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2012.6350845"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1109\/36.103307","article-title":"A median-filter-based ambiguity removal algorithm for NSCAT","volume":"29","author":"Shaffer","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Weiss, B. L2A Data Software Interface Specification (SIS-2). Available online: ftp:\/\/ftp.scp.byu.edu\/data\/qscat\/docs\/PD686-644-2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15781","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC00467","article-title":"A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind-driven waves","volume":"102","author":"Elfouhaily","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fung, A.K., and Lee, K.K. (1982). A semi-empirical sea spectrum model for scattering coefficient estimation. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng, 166\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.1982.1145535"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/12\/6180\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:51Z","timestamp":1760219451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/12\/6180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5126180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5126180","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,25]]}}}