{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T14:10:55Z","timestamp":1775225455735,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]],"date-time":"2013-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Openness is proposed as a visualization technique for the archaeological interpretation of digital terrain models derived from airborne laser scanning. In contrast to various shading techniques, openness is not subject to directional bias and relief features highlighted by openness do not contain any horizontal displacement. Additionally, it offers a clear distinction between relief features and the surrounding topography, while it highlights both the highest and lowest parts of features. This makes openness an ideal tool for mapping and outlining of archaeological features. A comparison with sky-view factor and local relief model visualizations helps to evaluate advantages and limits of the technique.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]],"date-time":"2013-11-28T12:06:47Z","timestamp":1385640407000},"page":"6427-6442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Openness as Visualization Technique for Interpretative Mapping of Airborne Lidar Derived Digital Terrain Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5091-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Doneus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Franz-Kleingasse 1, A-1190 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"LBI for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38,  A-1190 Vienna, Austria\u00a0"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00096952","article-title":"Visualisation of LiDAR terrain models for archaeological feature detection","volume":"82","author":"Devereux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Full-Waveform Airborne Laser Scanning as a Tool for Archaeological Reconnaissance","volume":"1568","author":"Campana","year":"2006","journal-title":"From Space to Place: 2. International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology; Proceedings of the 2. International workshop, CNR, Rome, Italy, December 2\u20134, 2006"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00114577","article-title":"New light on an ancient landscape: LiDAR survey in the Stonehenge World Heritage Site","volume":"79","author":"Bewley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cowley, D. (2010, January 25\u201327). Airborne Laser Scanning in Forested Areas - Potential and Limitations of an Archaeological Prospection Technique. Reykjavik, Iceland."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Humme, A., Lindenbergh, R., and Sueur, C. (2006, January 25\u201327). Revealing Celtic Fields from Lidar Data Using Kriging Based Filtering. Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.374","article-title":"LiDAR-derived Local Relief Models\u2014A new tool for archaeological prospection","volume":"17","author":"Hesse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Archaeological Prospect"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3020398","article-title":"Sky-view factor as a relief visualization technique","volume":"3","author":"Kokalj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100","article-title":"Visualizations of Lidar Derived Relief Models","volume":"5","author":"Opitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Interpreting Archaeological Topography: Airborne Laser Scanning, 3D Data and Ground Observation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.421","article-title":"A generic toolkit for the visualization of archaeological features on airborne LiDAR elevation data","volume":"18","author":"Challis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/arp.1414","article-title":"A comparison of visualization techniques for models created from airborne laser scanned data","volume":"19","author":"Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archaeol. Prospect"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"257","article-title":"Visualizing topography by openness: A new application of image processing to digital elevation models","volume":"68","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Chiba, F., and Yokoyama, R. (2009, January 11\u201315). New Method to Generate Excavation Charts by Openness Operators. Kyoto, Japan."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doneus, M. (2013). Die Hinterlassene Landschaft\u2014Prospektion und Interpretation in der Landschaftsarch\u00e4ologie, Verl. der \u00d6sterr. Akad. d. Wiss.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1vw0qcb"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mehler, N. (2013). Historical Archaeology in Central Europe, Society for Historical Archaeology."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Doneus, M., Briese, C., Fera, M., Fornwagner, U., Griebl, M., Janner, M., and Zingerle, M.-C. (2007, January 1\u20136). Documentation and Analysis of Archaeological Sites Using Aerial Reconnaissance and Airborne Laser Scanning. Athens, Greece."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Trinks, I., Neubauer, W., and Doneus, M. (3,, January October). Prospecting Archaeological Landscapes. Limassol, Cyprus."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubauer, W., Trinks, I., Salisbury, R.B., and Einw\u00f6gerer, C. (2013). Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference\u2014Vienna, Verl. der \u00d6sterr. Akad. d. Wiss.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjsf630"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-13-1453-2009","article-title":"Optimisation of lidar derived terrain models for river flow modelling","volume":"13","author":"Mandlburger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Chan, F., Marinova, D., and Anderssen, R. (2011). MODSIM2011, 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand, December 2011, The Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand Inc."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"ZRC SAZU Available online: http:\/\/iaps.zrc-sazu.si\/index.php?q=en\/svf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Hesse, R. (2013). eTopoi Journal of Ancient Studies, in review."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"LiVT Available online: http:\/\/sourceforge.net\/projects\/livt\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubauer, W., Trinks, I., Salisbury, R.B., and Einw\u00f6gerer, C. (2013). Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference\u2014Vienna, Verl. der \u00d6sterr. Akad. d. Wiss.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctvjsf630"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fischer Ausserer, K., B\u00f6rner, W., Goriany, M., and Karlhuber-V\u00f6ckl, L. (, January April). Visibility and the Landscape: An Exploration of GIS Modelling Techniques?. Vienna, Austria. [CD]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.2001.0720","article-title":"Building Past Landscape Perception with GIS: Understanding Topographic Prominence","volume":"28","author":"Llobera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00067594","article-title":"Application of sky-view factor for the visualisation of historic landscape features in lidar-derived relief models","volume":"85","author":"Kokalj","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antiquity"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/12\/6427\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:50:59Z","timestamp":1760219459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/5\/12\/6427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]}},"alternative-id":["rs5126427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs5126427","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,28]]}}}