{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T01:49:10Z","timestamp":1773107350523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Most of the existing pan-sharpening quality assessment methods consider only the spectral quality and there are just few investigations, which concentrate on spatial characteristics. Spatial quality of pan-sharpened images is vital in elaborating the capability of object extraction, identification, or reconstruction, especially regarding man-made objects and their application for large scale mapping in urban areas. This paper presents an Edge based image Fusion Metric (EFM) for spatial quality evaluation of pan-sharpening in high resolution satellite imagery. Considering Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) as a precise measurement of edge response, MTFs of pan-sharpened images are assessed and compared to those obtained from the original multispectral or panchromatic images. Spatial quality assessment of pan-sharpening is done by comparison of MTF curves of the  pan-sharpened and reference images. The capability of the proposed method is evaluated by quality assessment of two different residential and industrial urban areas of WorldView-2 pan-sharpened images. Obtained results clearly show the wide spatial discrepancy in quality of Pan-sharpened images, resulting from different fusion methods, and confirm the need for spatial quality assessment of fused products. The results also prove the capability of the proposed EFM as a powerful tool for evaluation and comparison of different image fusion techniques and products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]],"date-time":"2013-12-03T11:15:30Z","timestamp":1386069330000},"page":"6539-6559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Spatial Quality Assessment of Pan-Sharpened High Resolution Satellite Imagery Based on an Automatically Estimated Edge Based Metric"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Javan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Amir Abaad St., Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Samadzadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, North Amir Abaad St., Tehran 14395-515, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Reinartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, Aerospace Centre (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 We\u00dfling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Assessment of pan-sharpening methods applied to image fusion of remotely sensed multi-band data","volume":"18","author":"Yuhendra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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