{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1772809767917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]],"date-time":"2013-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reflected radiance in topographically complex areas is severely affected by variations in topography; thus, topographic correction is considered a necessary  pre-processing step when retrieving biophysical variables from these images. We assessed the performance of five topographic corrections: (i) C correction (C), (ii) Minnaert, (iii) Sun Canopy Sensor (SCS), (iv) SCS + C and (v) the Processing Scheme for Standardised Surface Reflectance (PSSSR) on the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) reflectance in the context of prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in hilly landscapes in north-eastern Australia. The performance of topographic corrections on the TM reflectance was assessed by (i) visual comparison and (ii) statistically comparing TM predicted FPC with ground measured FPC and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-derived FPC estimates. In the majority of cases, the PSSSR method performed best in terms of eliminating topographic effects, providing the best relationship and lowest residual error when comparing ground measured FPC and LiDAR FPC with TM predicted FPC. The Minnaert, C and SCS + C showed the poorest performance. Finally, the use of TM surface reflectance, which includes atmospheric correction and broad Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effects, seemed to account for most topographic variation when predicting biophysical variables, such as FPC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5126767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]],"date-time":"2013-12-06T12:12:35Z","timestamp":1386331955000},"page":"6767-6789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of Different Topographic Corrections for Landsat TM Data by Prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in Topographically Complex Landscapes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Sisira","family":"Ediriweera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}]},{"given":"Sumith","family":"Pathirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Danaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Environment and Heritage, Alstonville, NSW 2477, Australia"}]},{"given":"Doland","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia"}]},{"given":"Trevor","family":"Moffiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science & Information Technology, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1183","article-title":"The Lambertian assumption and Landsat data","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Photogramm. 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