{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T02:49:09Z","timestamp":1774320549116,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]],"date-time":"2014-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The integration between vegetation data, human disturbance factors, and  geo-spatial data (Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and image data) is a particular challenge for vegetation mapping in mountainous areas. The present study aimed to incorporate the relationships between species distribution (or vegetation spatial distribution pattern) and topography and human disturbance factors with remote sensing data, to improve the accuracy of mountain vegetation maps. Two different mountainous areas located in Lancang (Mekong) watershed served as study sites. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) architecture classification was used as image classification protocol. In addition, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) ordination was applied to address the relationships between topography and human disturbance factors with the spatial distribution of vegetation patterns. We used ordinary kriging at unobserved locations to predict the CCA scores. The CCA ordination results showed that the vegetation spatial distribution patterns are strongly affected by topography and human disturbance factors. The overall accuracy of vegetation classification was significantly improved by incorporating DEM or four CCA axes as additional channels in both the northern and southern study areas. However, there was no significant difference between using DEM or four CCA axes as extra channels in the northern steep mountainous areas because of a strong redundancy between CCA axes and DEM data. In the southern lower mountainous areas, the accuracy was significantly higher using four CCA axes as extra bands, compared to using DEM as an extra band. In the southern study area, the variance of vegetation data explained by human disturbance factors was larger than the variance explained by topographic attributes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6021026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T03:27:01Z","timestamp":1390879621000},"page":"1026-1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Integration of Satellite Imagery, Topography and Human Disturbance Factors Based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis Ordination for Mountain Vegetation Mapping: A Case Study in Yunnan, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Zhiming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Life Science, Yunnan University,  Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Frieke","family":"Van Coillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forest Management and Spatial Information Techniques, Ghent University,  9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology and Geobotany, School of Life Science, Yunnan University,  Kunming 650091, China"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"De Wulf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Forest Management and Spatial Information Techniques, Ghent University,  9000 Ghent, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1109\/36.239898","article-title":"Geometric and radiometric correction of TM-data of mountainous forested areas","volume":"31","author":"Itten","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1109\/36.739158","article-title":"A statistical approach for topographic correction of satellite images by using spatial context information","volume":"37","author":"Gu","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00110-7","article-title":"Mapping vegetation spatial patterns from modeled water, temperature and solar radiation gradients","volume":"57","author":"Dymond","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(03)00108-5","article-title":"Topographic controls on the spatial distribution of ground cover in the Tabernas badlands of SE Spain","volume":"55","author":"Barrio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.03.016","article-title":"Multi-scale linkages between topographic attributes and vegetation indices in a mountainous landscape","volume":"111","author":"Deng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.2307\/3235880","article-title":"Predicting vegetation types at treeline using topographic and biophysical disturbance variables","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1085(199702)11:2<203::AID-HYP432>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"The influence of topography on time and space distribution of soil surface water content","volume":"11","author":"Crave","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(01)00483-8","article-title":"Factors regulating spatial distribution of soil water content in small semiarid catchments","volume":"253","author":"Alvadalejo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1029\/1998WR900065","article-title":"Observed spatial organization of soil moisture and its relation to terrain indices","volume":"35","author":"Western","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Mapping dominant vegetation communities in the Colorado Rocky Mountain front range with Landsat Thematic Mapper and digital terrain data","volume":"54","author":"Frank","year":"1988","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1183","article-title":"The Lambertian assumption and Landsat data","volume":"46","author":"Smith","year":"1980","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1303","article-title":"Topographic normalization of Landsat Thematic Mapper digital imagery","volume":"55","author":"Civco","year":"1989","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(97)00177-6","article-title":"Topographic normalization of Landsat TM images of forest based on subpixel sun-canopy-sensor geometry","volume":"64","author":"Gu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1109\/36.789656","article-title":"Correction of the topographic effect in remote sensing","volume":"37","author":"Dymond","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802549336","article-title":"A simple empirical topographic correction method for ETM+ imagery","volume":"30","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2005.852480","article-title":"SCS + C: A modified sun-canopysensor topographic correction in forested terrain","volume":"43","author":"Soenen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701311291","article-title":"Improved topographic correction of forest image data using a 3-D canopy reflectance model in multiple forward mode","volume":"29","author":"Soenen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802082148","article-title":"Reduction of atmospheric and topographic effect on Landsat TM data for forest classification","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160903154333","article-title":"Topographic normalization for improving vegetation classification in a mountainous watershed in Northern Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Cuo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.01.019","article-title":"C-correction of optical satellite data over alpine vegetation areas: A comparison of sampling strategies for determining the empirical c-parameter","volume":"115","author":"Reese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1982.10855028","article-title":"On the slope-aspect correction of multispectral scanner data","volume":"8","author":"Teillet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"123","article-title":"Techniques for combining Landsat and ancillary data for digital classification improvement","volume":"48","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"297","article-title":"Application of DEM data to Landsat image classification: Evaluation in a tropical wet-dry landscape of Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Elummoh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00113-0","article-title":"Improved Landsat-based forest mapping in steep mountainous terrain using object-based classification","volume":"183","author":"Dorren","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.5589\/m03-063","article-title":"Inclusion of topographic variables in an unsupervised classification of satellite imagery","volume":"30","author":"Wulder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110076171","article-title":"Mapping of boreal vegetation of a temperate mountain in China by multitemporal Landsat TM imagery","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(03)00010-5","article-title":"National park vegetation mapping using multitemporal Landsat 7 data and a decision tree classifier","volume":"85","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.03.043","article-title":"A hierarchical approach coupled with coarse DEM information for improving the efficiency and accuracy of forest mapping over very rugged terrains","volume":"258","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1080\/01431168508948456","article-title":"A computationally-efficient maximum-likelihood classifier employing prior probabilities for remotely-sensed data","volume":"6","author":"Mather","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"833","article-title":"Inclusion of prior probabilities derived from a nonparametric process into the maximum likelihood classifier","volume":"58","author":"Maselli","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-2716(95)98210-Q","article-title":"Integration of ancillary data into a maximum-likelihood classifier with nonparametric priors","volume":"50","author":"Maselli","year":"1995","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1335","article-title":"Derivation and applications of probabilistic measures of class membership from the maximum-likelihood classification","volume":"58","author":"Foody","year":"1992","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00003-2","article-title":"Using prior probabilities in decision-tree classification of remotely sensed data","volume":"81","author":"McIver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/10106040701337410","article-title":"Mapping dominant communities vegetation in Meili Snow Mountain, Yunnan Province, China using satellite imagery and plant community data","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1023\/B:LAND.0000014471.78787.d0","article-title":"Mapping alpine vegetation using vegetation observation and topographic attributes","volume":"18","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H., and O\u2019Neill, R.V. (2001). Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(03)00141-8","article-title":"Modeling the spatial distribution of montane and subalpine forests in the central Alps using digital elevation models","volume":"168","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Farina, A. (2006). Principles and Methods in Landscape Ecology, Springer. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/jpe\/rtn012","article-title":"Spatial patterns of plant diversity and communities in alpine ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains, northwest Yunnan, China","volume":"1","author":"Sherman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Ecol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9615(1998)068[0151:RGAASP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities of Oregon forests","volume":"68","author":"Ohmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Begon, M., Townsend, C.R., and Happer, J.L. (2006). Ecology\u2014from Individuals to Ecosystems, Blackwell. [4th ed]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gauch, H.G.J. (1982). Multivariate Analysis in Community Ecology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511623332"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00099-8","article-title":"Image classification of a northern peatland complex using spectral and plant community data","volume":"84","author":"Thomas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Bio, A.M.F. (2000). Does Vegetation Suit Our Models?. [Data and Model Assumptions and the Assessment of Species Distribution in Space, Faculty of Geographic Science]. Ph.D. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"85","article-title":"Mapping alpine vegetation based on image analysis, topographic variables and Canonical correspondence analysis","volume":"6","author":"Dullinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Quattorchi, D.A., and Goodchild, M.F. (1997). Scale in Remote Sensing and GIS, CRC-Lewis Publishers."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-109X.2002.tb00544.x","article-title":"Vegetation distribution in relation to topographically driven process in south-western Australia","volume":"5","author":"Hobbs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Veg. Sci"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00354-9","article-title":"Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology","volume":"135","author":"Guisan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horning, N., Robinson, J.A., Sterling, E.J., Turner, W., and Spector, S. (2010). Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199219940.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02856795","article-title":"A strategic study on biodiversity conservation in Xishuangbanna","volume":"12","author":"Pu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. For. Res"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-004-0316-9","article-title":"Conserving the sacred medicine mountains: A vegetation analysis of Tibetan sacred sites in Northern Yunnan","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1998.012003516.x","article-title":"Biodiversity hotspots and major tropical wilderness areas","volume":"12","author":"Mittermeier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Conserv. Biol"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-005-4381-5","article-title":"Tibetan sacred sites conserve old growth trees and cover in the eastern Himalayas","volume":"16","author":"Salick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Deng, M., Zhang, P., Zhao, B., and Wang, Y (1997). The Forest in Lanping Pumi Autonomous County, Yuannan Ethnic Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001652385","article-title":"Reusing back-propagation artificial neural networks for land cover classification in tropical savannahs","volume":"25","author":"Verbeke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500182992","article-title":"The role of topographic correction in mapping recently burned Mediterranean forest areas from Landsat TM images","volume":"27","author":"Gitas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., de Wulf, R.R., van Coillie, F.M.B., Verbeke, L.P.C., de Clercq, E.M., and Ou, X. (2011). The influence of different topographic correction strategies on vegetation classification accuracy in the Lancang watershed, China. J. Appl. Remote Sens, 5.","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3569124"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Wilson, J.P., and Gallant, J.C. (2000). Terrain Analysis Principles and Applications, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009792123571","article-title":"The relationship between vegetation types and topography in Lassen Volcanic National Park","volume":"131","author":"Pinder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Ecol"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"311","article-title":"The correlation between vegetation spatial pattern and environmental factors in Meili Snow Mountain, China","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Yunnan Univ"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1089","article-title":"The spatial pattern and topographic interpretation of the forest vegetation at Dalaoling Region in the Three Gorges","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Bot. Sin"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.3360050103","article-title":"Digital terrain modeling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological, and biological application","volume":"5","author":"Moore","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Jenness, J Topographic Position Index (tpi_jen.avx) Extension for ArcView 3.x, v. 1.3a. Jenness Enterprises, 2006. Available online: http:\/\/www.jennessent.com\/arcview\/tpi.htm."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"430","article-title":"Gradient analysis of the influence of mountain topography on vegetation pattern","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Phytoecol. Sin"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02087.x","article-title":"Equations for potential annual direct incident radiation and heat load","volume":"13","author":"McCune","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Veg. Sci"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00188-8","article-title":"Proximate causes of land-use change in Narok District Kenya: A spatial statistical model","volume":"85","author":"Serneels","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0143:PCAUDF]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Proximate causes and underlying driving forces of tropical deforestation","volume":"52","author":"Geist","year":"2002","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810410001713380","article-title":"Analysis of land use drivers at the watershed and household level: Linking two paradigms at the Philippine forest fringe","volume":"19","author":"Overmars","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2005.11.017","article-title":"Agricultural land-use change and its drivers in mountain landscapes: A case study in the Pyrenees","volume":"114","author":"Mottet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"McCoy, J., and Johnston, K (2001). Using ArcGIS\u2019 Spatial Analyst, ESRI Press."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2008.04.001","article-title":"Spatial-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su-Xi-Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2009","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-2046(94)01031-3","article-title":"Agricultural systems and landscape patterns: How can we build a relationship","volume":"31","author":"Deffontaines","year":"1995","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024430026953","article-title":"Accessibility as adeterminant of landscape transformation in western Honduras: Linking pattern and process","volume":"18","author":"Nagendra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2004.02.009","article-title":"Modelling land use change with generalized linear models\u2014A multi-model analysis of change between 1860 and 2000 in Gallatin Valley, Montana","volume":"72","author":"Aspinall","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.050","article-title":"Assessing land-use statistics to model land cover change in a mountainous landscape in the European Alps","volume":"212","author":"Rutherford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.07.014","article-title":"Cost distance defined by a topological function of landscape","volume":"210","author":"Berthier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Schneider, K., and Robbins, P. (1995). GIS and Mountain Environments, United Nations Institute of Training and Research, Clark University."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.11.001","article-title":"Least-cost paths in mountainous terrain","volume":"30","author":"Rees","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2007.10.036","article-title":"Modelling potential dispersal corridors for cougars in midwestern North America using least-cost path methods","volume":"212","author":"LaRue","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Model"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"288","article-title":"Pushbroom algorithms for calculating distances in raster grids","volume":"9","author":"Eastman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Autocarto"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Lillesand, T.M., Kiefer, R.W., and Chipman, J.W. (2004). Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley & Sons. [5th ed]."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/014311697218700","article-title":"Neural networks in remote sensing","volume":"18","author":"Atkinson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160701352154","article-title":"The application of artificial neural networks to the analysis of remotely sensed data","volume":"29","author":"Mas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.1990.572944","article-title":"Neural network approaches versus statistical methods in classification of mutisource remote sensing data","volume":"28","author":"Benediktsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leps, J., and Smilauer, P (2003). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data Using of CANOCO, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615146"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2307\/2996403","article-title":"Comparative gradient structure and forest cover types in Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, California","volume":"122","author":"Parker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Soc"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00217981","article-title":"Forest\/environment relationship in Yosemite National Park, Califonia","volume":"82","author":"Parker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"461","article-title":"A multi-scale study on the vegetation-environment relationship of a mountain forest transect","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Ter Braak, C.J.F., and \u0160milauer, P. (2002). CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User\u2019s Guide: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (Version 4.5), Microcomputer Power."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2307\/1938672","article-title":"Canonical correspondence analysis: A new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis","volume":"67","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1890\/02-0738","article-title":"Direct multi-scale ordination with canonical correspondence analysis","volume":"85","author":"Wagner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Legendre, P., and Legendre, L (1998). Numerical Ecology, Elsevier. [2nd ed]."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Burrough, P.A., and McDonnell, R.A. (1998). Principles of Geographical Information Systems, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2003)084[1045:SCIPCI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial covariance in plant communities: Integrating ordination, geostatistics, and variance testing","volume":"84","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Johnston, K., ver Hoef, J.M., Krivoruchko, K., and Lucas, N (2001). Using ArcGIS\u2019 Geostatistical Analyst, ESRI Press."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, R., and Oliver, M.A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470517277"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cressie, N (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, John Wiley & Sons. [Revised ed].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119115151"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2008.10.002","article-title":"Feasibility study of a geostatistical modelling of monthly maximum stream temperatures in a multivariate space","volume":"364","author":"Guillemette","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Dayhoof, J.E. (1990). Neural Network Architectures, Van Nostrand Reinhold."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-007-0711-1","article-title":"Vegetation change detection using artificial neural networks with ancillary data in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, China","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Congalton, R.G., and Green, K (1999). Assessing the Accuracy of Remotely Sensed Data: Principles and Practices, Lewis Publisher.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420048568"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/001316446002000104","article-title":"A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales","volume":"1","author":"Cohen","year":"1960","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1671","article-title":"Assessing Landsat classification accuracy using discrete multivariate analysis statistical techniques","volume":"46","author":"Congalton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Van Coillie, F (2003). [Design and Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Digital Image Classification of Tropical Savanna Vegetation, Ghent University]. Ph.D. Thesis."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Schowengerdt, R.A. (2007). Remote Sensing, Models and Methods for Image Processing, Academic Press. [3rd ed]."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(99)00272-8","article-title":"Incorporation of digital elevation models with Landsat-TM data to improve land cover classification accuracy","volume":"128","author":"Fahsi","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Yunnan Statistic Bureau (2004). Yunnan Statistical Yearbook 2004, Yunnan Statistical Press. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-006-9052-7","article-title":"Demand for rubber is causing the loss of high diversity rain forest in SW China","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1659\/0276-4741(2006)26[245:EASIOI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Environmental and socioeconomic impacts of increasing rubber plantations in Menglun Township, southwest China","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-003-0289-6","article-title":"Land-use and land-cover change and farmer vulnerability in Xishuangbanna Prefecture in Southwestern China","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Manag"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2307\/3674253","article-title":"Effects of swidden cultivation, state polices and customary institutions on land cover in Hani Village, Yunnan","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mt. Res. Dev"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2008.11.008","article-title":"Land use transformation in the mountainous mainland Southeast Asia region and the role of indigenous knowledge and skills in forest management","volume":"257","author":"Rerkasem","year":"2009","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/2\/1026\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:07:45Z","timestamp":1760216865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/2\/1026"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6021026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6021026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,27]]}}}