{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T06:19:20Z","timestamp":1776147560046,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flood monitoring was conducted using multi-sensor data from space-borne optical, and microwave sensors; with cross-validation by ground-based rain gauges and streamflow stations along the Indus River; Pakistan. First; the optical imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) was processed to delineate the extent of the 2010 flood along Indus River; Pakistan. Moreover; the all-weather all-time capability of higher resolution imagery from the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) is used to monitor flooding in the lower Indus river basin. Then a proxy for river discharge from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) aboard NASA\u2019s Aqua satellite and rainfall estimates from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) are used to study streamflow time series and precipitation patterns. The AMSR-E detected water surface signal was cross-validated with ground-based river discharge observations at multiple streamflow stations along the main Indus River. A high correlation was found; as indicated by a Pearson correlation coefficient of above 0.8 for the discharge gauge stations located in the southwest of Indus River basin. It is concluded that remote-sensing data integrated from multispectral and microwave sensors could be used to supplement stream gauges in sparsely gauged large basins to monitor and detect floods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T13:33:16Z","timestamp":1395235996000},"page":"2393-2407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Multi-Sensor Imaging and Space-Ground Cross-Validation for 2010 Flood along Indus River, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Sadiq","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman,  OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"HyDrometeorology & Remote Sensing (HyDROS) Laboratory and Advanced Radar Research Center, National Weather Center Suite 4600, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman,  OK 73019, USA"},{"name":"HyDrometeorology & Remote Sensing (HyDROS) Laboratory and Advanced Radar Research Center, National Weather Center Suite 4600, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Gourley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration\/National Severe Storms Laboratory,  National Weather Center, Norman, OK 73072, USA"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Khattak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geographical Information Systems, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"De Groeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Via Fermi 2147, Ispra 21020, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pelling, M., Maskrev, A., Ruiz, P., and Hall, L. 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