{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:14:17Z","timestamp":1778537657577,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the Earth\u2019s population continues to grow and demand for food increases,  the need for improved and timely information related to the properties and dynamics of global agricultural systems is becoming increasingly important. Global land cover maps derived from satellite data provide indispensable information regarding the geographic distribution and areal extent of global croplands. However, land use information, such as cropping intensity (defined here as the number of cropping cycles per year), is not routinely available over large areas because mapping this information from remote sensing is challenging. In this study, we present a simple but efficient algorithm for automated mapping of cropping intensity based on data from NASA\u2019s (NASA: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration) MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The proposed algorithm first applies an adaptive Savitzky-Golay filter to smooth Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) time series derived from MODIS surface reflectance data. It then uses an iterative moving-window methodology to identify cropping cycles from the smoothed EVI time series. Comparison of results from our algorithm with national survey data at both the provincial and prefectural level in China show that the algorithm provides estimates of gross sown area that agree well with inventory data. Accuracy assessment comparing visually interpreted time series with algorithm results for a random sample of agricultural areas in China indicates an overall accuracy of 91.0% for three classes defined based on the number of cycles observed in EVI time series. The algorithm therefore appears to provide a straightforward and efficient method for mapping cropping intensity from MODIS time series data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6032473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]],"date-time":"2014-03-20T12:06:02Z","timestamp":1395317162000},"page":"2473-2493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Mapping Crop Cycles in China Using MODIS-EVI Time Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Le","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany,  Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China"},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Friedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1146-4874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinchuan","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Tsinghua University,  Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2307-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaozhong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Earth Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University,  Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Frolking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham,  NH 03824, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.10.011","article-title":"Winter wheat area estimation from MODIS-EVI time series data using the Crop Proportion Phenology Index","volume":"119","author":"Pan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. 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