{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T12:53:29Z","timestamp":1774702409450,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seasonal cycles, interannual variations and decadal trends of Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS)-retrieved chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) in the Strait of Malacca (SM) were investigated with reconstructed, cloud-free SeaWiFS Chl-a during the period of the SeaWiFS full mission (September 1997 to December 2010). Pixel-based  non-parametric correlations of SeaWiFS Chl-a on environmental variables were used to identify the probable causes of the observed spatio-temporal variations of SeaWiFS Chl-a in northern, middle and southern regions of the SM. Chl-a was high (low) during the northeast (southwest) monsoon. The principal causes of the seasonality were wind-driven vertical mixing in the northern region and wind-driven coastal upwelling and possibly river discharges in the middle region. Among the three regions, the southern region showed the largest interannual variations of Chl-a. These variations were associated with the El Ni\u00f1o\/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and river runoff. Interannual variations of Chl-a in the middle and northern regions were more responsive to the Indian Ocean Dipole and ENSO, respectively, with atmospheric deposition being the most important driver. The most significant decadal-scale trend of increasing Chl-a was in the southern region; the trend was moderate in the middle region. This increasing trend was probably caused by environmental changes unrelated to the variables investigated in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6042718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]],"date-time":"2014-03-25T12:33:44Z","timestamp":1395750824000},"page":"2718-2742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Phytoplankton Biomass Dynamics in the Strait of Malacca within the Period of the SeaWiFS Full Mission: Seasonal Cycles, Interannual Variations and Decadal-Scale Trends"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8215-0082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eko","family":"Siswanto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-Cho, Yokosuka 237-0061, Japan"}]},{"given":"Katsuhisa","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, 5-7-1 Orido, Shimizu ward, Shizuoka 424-8633, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Analysis of the state of the marine environment of the straits of Malacca and Singapore","volume":"2","author":"Chua","year":"1998","journal-title":"Singap. J. Int. Comp. Law"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1126\/science.166.3901.72","article-title":"Photosynthesis and fish production in the sea","volume":"166","author":"Ryther","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1990.35.7.1593","article-title":"Control of marine fish production","volume":"35","author":"Iverson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"707","article-title":"Does chlorophyll a provide the best index of phytoplankton biomass for primary production studies?","volume":"4","author":"Huot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogeosci. Disc"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wyrtki, K. (1961). Physical Oceanography of Southeast Asian Waters 2, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, The University of California."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csr.2005.09.008","article-title":"Seasonal variability of SeaWiFS chlorophyll a in the Malacca Straits in relation to Asian monsoon","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cont. Shelf Res"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"33","article-title":"The influence of the Andaman sea and the South China sea on water mass in the Malacca Strait","volume":"43","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2006","journal-title":"La mer"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"151","article-title":"Modeling tidal and monsoon driven currents in the Singapore Strait","volume":"2003","author":"Pang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singap. Mar. Port. J"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Chua, T.E., Ross, S.A., and Yu, H. (1997). Malacca Straits Environmental Profile, GEF\/UNDP\/IMO Regional Programme for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pollution in the East Asian Seas."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Field, R.D., and Roswintiarti, O. (2004). Trends in atmospheric haze induced by peat fires in Sumatra Island, Indonesia and El Ni\u00f1o phenomenon from 1973 to 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett, 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018853"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wang, C., Xie, S.P., and Carton, J.A. (2013). Earth\u2019s Climate, AGU."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083841","article-title":"Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires","volume":"301","author":"Abram","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"OBPG Available online: http:\/\/oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.33.000443","article-title":"Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with SeaWiFS: A preliminary algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Opt"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24937","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02160","article-title":"Ocean color chlorophyll algorithms for SeaWiFS","volume":"103","author":"Maritorena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"PODAAC Available online: http:\/\/podaac.jpl.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"REMSS Availabe online: http:\/\/www.remss.com."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"APDRC Available online: http:\/\/apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvera-Azcarate, A., Barth, A., Beckers, J.-M., and Weisberg, R.H. (2007). Multivariate reconstruction of missing data in sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and wind fields. J. Geophys. Res, 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003660"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0485(1981)011<0324:OOMFMI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate to strong winds","volume":"11","author":"Large","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"JAMSTEC Available online: http:\/\/www.jamstec.go.jp\/frcgc\/research\/d1\/iod\/e\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"CPC Available online: http:\/\/www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\/data\/indices\/sstoi.indices."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"SAGE Available online: http:\/\/www.sage.wisc.edu\/riverdata."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3923\/rjes.2011.49.58","article-title":"Water mass characteristics in the Strait of Malacca using Ocean Data View","volume":"5","author":"Amiruddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. J. Env. Sci"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1063","article-title":"Temperature and phytoplankton growth in the sea","volume":"70","author":"Eppley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Fish. Bull"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1997.42.1.0001","article-title":"Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration","volume":"42","author":"Behrenfeld","year":"1997","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"464","article-title":"Atmospheric wet deposition of nutrient elements: Correlation with harmful biological blooms in northwest Pacific coastal zones","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.1999.0404","article-title":"New production and f-ratio on the continental shelf of the East China Sea: Comparisons between nitrate inputs from the subsurface Kuroshio Current and the Changjiang River","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(00)00186-6","article-title":"Experimental examination of the effects of atmospheric wet deposition on primary production in the Yellow Sea","volume":"249","author":"Zou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nitrate, ammonia and phosphate concentrations in the surface water of Kuala Gula Bird Sanctuary, west coast of Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"32","author":"Lomoljo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pertanika. J. Trop. Agric. Sci"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"755","article-title":"Mangrove-fisheries linkages\u2014The Malaysian perspective","volume":"80","author":"Chong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Mar. Sci"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s10872-011-0062-z","article-title":"Empirical ocean-color algorithm to retrieve chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter, and colored dissolved organic matter absorption coefficient in the Yellow and East China Seas","volume":"67","author":"Siswanto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oceaogr"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.05.013","article-title":"Red tide detection and tracing using MODIS fluorescence data: A regional example in SW Florida coastal waters","volume":"97","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/2718\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:38Z","timestamp":1760216978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/2718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6042718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6042718","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,25]]}}}