{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T17:49:08Z","timestamp":1779904148761,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Image orientation requires ground control as a source of information for both indirect estimation and quality assessment to guarantee the accuracy of the photogrammetric processes. However, the orientation still depends on interactive measurements to locate the control entities over the images. This paper presents an automatic technique used to generate 3D control points from vertical panoramic terrestrial images. The technique uses a special target attached to a GPS receiver and panoramic images acquired in nadir view from different heights. The reference target is used as ground control to determine the exterior orientation parameters (EOPs) of the vertical images. These acquired multi-scale images overlap in the central region and can be used to compute ground coordinates using photogrammetric intersection. Experiments were conducted in a terrestrial calibration field to assess the geometry provided by the reference target and the quality of the reconstructed object coordinates. The analysis was based on the checkpoints, and the resulting discrepancies in the object space were less than 2 cm in the studied cases. As a result, small models and ortho-images can be produced as well as georeferenced image chips that can be used as high-quality control information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs6043020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T11:09:47Z","timestamp":1396436987000},"page":"3020-3040","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Automatic Orientation of Multi-Scale Terrestrial Images for 3D Reconstruction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0483-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Tommaselli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartography, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adilson","family":"Berveglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cartography, Univ Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP 19060-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3390\/rs2041157","article-title":"Remote sensing of vegetation structure using computer vision","volume":"2","author":"Dandois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3040752","article-title":"Spatial and temporal land cover changes in the Simen Moutains national park, a world heritage site in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"3","author":"Wondie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3030554","article-title":"Camera-variant calibration and sensor modeling for practical photogrammetry in archeological sites","volume":"3","author":"Nakano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3390\/rs4061573","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of georeferenced point clouds produced via multi-view stereopsis from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery","volume":"4","author":"Harwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5041875","article-title":"Generating virtual images from oblique frames","volume":"5","author":"Tommaselli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"G\u00fclch, E. (1995, January 11\u201315). Automatic Control Point Measurement. Heidelberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(96)00029-9","article-title":"Automation of interior, relative, and absolute orientation","volume":"52","author":"Heipke","year":"1997","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Hahn, M. (1997, January 22\u201326). Automatic Control Point Measurement. Heidelberg, Germany."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.72.2.151","article-title":"Control pacthes for automatic single photo orientation","volume":"72","author":"Jaw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Berveglieri, A., Marcato Junior, J., Moraes, M.V.A, and Tommaselli, A.M.G. (2012, January 12\u201314). Automatic Location and Measurement of Ground Control Points Based on Vertical Terrestrial Images. London, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2006.00383.x","article-title":"Image-based 3D modeling: A review","volume":"21","author":"Remondino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2010.00599.x","article-title":"Orientation and 3D modeling from markerless terrestrial images: Combining accuracy with automation","volume":"25","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Luhmann, T, Robson, S., Kyle, S., and Harley, I. (2006). Close Range Photogrammetry: Principles, Techniques and Applications, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"855","article-title":"Close-range calibration","volume":"37","author":"Brown","year":"1971","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1555732","article-title":"Automatic calibration of low-cost digital cameras","volume":"42","author":"Habib","year":"2003","journal-title":"Opt. Eng"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.01.001","article-title":"Validation of geometric models for fisheye lenses","volume":"64","author":"Schneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Freitas, V.L.S., and Tommaselli, A.M.G. (2013, January 3\u20135). An Adaptive Technique for Shadow Segmentation in High-Resolution Omnidirectional Images. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Harris, C., and Stephens, M. A (September, January 31). Combined Corner and Edge Detector. Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Moravec, H.P. (1977, January 22). Towards Automatic Visual Obstacle Avoidance. Cambrigde, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"150","article-title":"Feature based correspondence algorithm for image matching","volume":"26","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008199403446","article-title":"Evaluation of interest point detectors","volume":"37","author":"Schmid","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1477-9730.2009.00559.x","article-title":"Interest operators for feature based matching in close range photogrammetry","volume":"25","author":"Jazayeri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.01.005","article-title":"Automatic generation and detection of highly reliable fiducial markers under oclusion","volume":"47","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.3390\/s90503745","article-title":"Performance analysis of the SIFT operator for automatic feature extraction and matching in photogrammetric applications","volume":"9","author":"Lingua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tommaselli, A.M.G., Polidori, L., Hasegawa, J.K., Camargo, P.O., Hirao, H., Moraes, M.V.A., Rissate Junior, E.A., Henrique, G.R., Abreu, P.A.G., and Berveglieri, A. (2013, January 2\u20136). Using Vertical Panoramic Images to Record a Historic Cemetery. Strasbourg, France.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-W2-641-2013"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blachut, T.J., Chrzanowski, A., and Saastamoinen, J.H. (1979). Urban Surveying and Mapping, Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-6145-2"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3020\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:52Z","timestamp":1760216992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/6\/4\/3020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs6043020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs6043020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]]}}}